{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404809476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3504359","title":"Enhancing Non-Terrestrial Network Performance With Free Space Optical Links and Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces","display_name":"Enhancing Non-Terrestrial Network Performance With Free Space Optical Links and Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404809476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3504359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3504359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3504359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034397442","display_name":"Shunyuan Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8352-6141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shunyuan Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Makkah, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Makkah, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034479218","display_name":"Emna Zedini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1498-8457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092198","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Flint","ror":"https://ror.org/01c3xc117","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emna Zedini","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Makkah, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Makkah, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034397442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0755,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87696875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"1046","last_page":"1059"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space","display_name":"Free space","score":0.6661332845687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6621823310852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.6314083337783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.42427268624305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3621336817741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.3411791920661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1815420389175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.160401850938797}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988672794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475","display_name":"Free space","level":2,"score":0.6661332845687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6621823310852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.6314083337783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.42427268624305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3621336817741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.3411791920661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1815420389175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.160401850938797}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3504359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3504359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73186599","https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1825980438","https://openalex.org/W1961845250","https://openalex.org/W1967280221","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W2022715688","https://openalex.org/W2030835564","https://openalex.org/W2141138347","https://openalex.org/W2149200615","https://openalex.org/W2213478599","https://openalex.org/W2263466419","https://openalex.org/W2331688265","https://openalex.org/W2344547323","https://openalex.org/W2553468369","https://openalex.org/W2807940511","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2981174761","https://openalex.org/W3006387471","https://openalex.org/W3028742748","https://openalex.org/W3034104086","https://openalex.org/W3037170119","https://openalex.org/W3097673270","https://openalex.org/W3114322375","https://openalex.org/W3119234400","https://openalex.org/W3126686235","https://openalex.org/W3156195074","https://openalex.org/W3179283102","https://openalex.org/W3211928809","https://openalex.org/W3213413164","https://openalex.org/W4223447468","https://openalex.org/W4226061238","https://openalex.org/W4241022222","https://openalex.org/W4241055678","https://openalex.org/W4287729921","https://openalex.org/W4289535837","https://openalex.org/W4293249939","https://openalex.org/W4293582520","https://openalex.org/W4309694836","https://openalex.org/W4312560499","https://openalex.org/W4366721991","https://openalex.org/W4376480741","https://openalex.org/W4386649036","https://openalex.org/W4386702872","https://openalex.org/W4386776943","https://openalex.org/W4387397454","https://openalex.org/W4388017757","https://openalex.org/W4388145410","https://openalex.org/W4389610128","https://openalex.org/W4391097147","https://openalex.org/W4391407229","https://openalex.org/W4394586155","https://openalex.org/W4399526399","https://openalex.org/W6869136547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323644463","https://openalex.org/W2019126040","https://openalex.org/W2038016357","https://openalex.org/W1487975641","https://openalex.org/W2090950564","https://openalex.org/W3118892941","https://openalex.org/W4386214712","https://openalex.org/W2389557767","https://openalex.org/W3191689016","https://openalex.org/W3098949437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125],"integration":[1],"of":[2,26,48,68,155,164],"non-terrestrial":[3],"networks":[4],"(NTNs),":[5],"which":[6,53],"include":[7],"high":[8,203],"altitude":[9],"platform":[10],"(HAP)":[11],"stations":[12],"and":[13,35,70,92,106,159,178,198,215],"intelligent":[14],"reflecting":[15],"surfaces":[16],"(IRS)":[17],"into":[18],"communication":[19,55],"infrastructures":[20],"has":[21],"become":[22],"a":[23,44,49],"crucial":[24],"area":[25],"research":[27],"to":[28,62],"address":[29],"the":[30,38,57,66,77,87,93,97,103,107,112,118,140,146,152,156,162,165,170,173,179,184,195,199,208],"increasing":[31],"requirements":[32],"for":[33,194],"connectivity":[34],"performance":[36,46,163],"in":[37],"post-5G":[39],"era.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"presents":[43],"comprehensive":[45],"study":[47],"new":[50],"NTN":[51],"architecture,":[52],"enables":[54],"from":[56],"optical":[58,89],"ground":[59],"station":[60],"(OGS)":[61],"end":[63],"users":[64],"through":[65],"utilization":[67],"HAP":[69,78],"terrestrial":[71],"IRS":[72],"nodes.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"configuration,":[76],"acts":[79],"as":[80],"an":[81,220],"amplify-and-forward":[82],"(AF)":[83],"relay":[84],"terminal":[85],"between":[86],"free-space":[88],"(FSO)":[90],"link":[91,114],"RF":[94,98,157],"links.":[95],"Specifically,":[96],"links":[99],"are":[100],"modeled":[101],"using":[102,183],"Shadowed":[104],"Rician":[105],"generalized":[108,122],"Nakagami-m":[109],"models,":[110],"where":[111],"FSO":[113,126],"is":[115,211],"characterized":[116],"by":[117,168],"Gamma-Gamma":[119],"distribution":[120,149],"with":[121,133,213],"pointing":[123],"errors.":[124],"system":[127,167],"operates":[128],"under":[129],"either":[130],"intensity":[131],"modulation":[132],"direct":[134],"detection":[135],"or":[136],"heterodyne":[137],"detection.":[138],"Using":[139],"mixture":[141],"Gamma":[142],"model,":[143],"we":[144,160],"approximate":[145],"non-centered":[147],"chi-square":[148],"that":[150],"describes":[151],"total":[153],"fading":[154],"link,":[158],"assess":[161],"end-to-end":[166],"analyzing":[169],"ergodic":[171],"capacity,":[172],"average":[174,196],"bit-error":[175],"rate":[176],"(BER),":[177],"outage":[180,200],"probability,":[181],"calculated":[182],"bivariate":[185],"Fox-H":[186],"function.":[187],"We":[188],"also":[189],"provide":[190],"simple":[191],"asymptotic":[192],"expressions":[193],"BER":[197],"probability":[201],"at":[202],"signal-to-noise":[204],"ratio":[205],"(SNR).":[206],"Finally,":[207],"proposed":[209],"analysis":[210],"validated":[212],"numerical":[214],"Monte-Carlo":[216],"simulation":[217],"results,":[218],"showing":[219],"exact":[221],"match.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
