{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403182267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3469970","title":"UADFormer: A Transformer-Based Deep Learning Method for User Activity Detection in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"UADFormer: A Transformer-Based Deep Learning Method for User Activity Detection in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403182267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3469970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3469970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3469970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103088529","display_name":"Zheng Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-5704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050166453","display_name":"Pengcheng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-7041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072916702","display_name":"Xiaohu You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu You","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103088529"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8898,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7476475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"18516","last_page":"18531"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9563000202178955,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9050999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7866663336753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7001035213470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.45685794949531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-user-mimo","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","score":0.44372352957725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3417043685913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32727640867233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3043783903121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20189711451530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13373273611068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.08737137913703918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7866663336753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7001035213470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.45685794949531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.44372352957725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3417043685913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32727640867233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3043783903121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20189711451530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13373273611068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.08737137913703918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3469970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3469970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1174718781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2900300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3668153211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574260077","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2167020016","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2706056020","https://openalex.org/W2811365745","https://openalex.org/W2920228847","https://openalex.org/W2981917204","https://openalex.org/W2998514310","https://openalex.org/W3001370401","https://openalex.org/W3001915958","https://openalex.org/W3004212706","https://openalex.org/W3010632924","https://openalex.org/W3027993135","https://openalex.org/W3044836646","https://openalex.org/W3045134922","https://openalex.org/W3081279169","https://openalex.org/W3083695346","https://openalex.org/W3133759829","https://openalex.org/W3176948526","https://openalex.org/W3196979233","https://openalex.org/W3212658751","https://openalex.org/W3212673851","https://openalex.org/W4285817698","https://openalex.org/W4294982473","https://openalex.org/W4312243043","https://openalex.org/W4312922447","https://openalex.org/W4321600745","https://openalex.org/W4321617749","https://openalex.org/W4379117319","https://openalex.org/W4381735865","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4389076530","https://openalex.org/W4390075287","https://openalex.org/W6779163297","https://openalex.org/W6844794680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W1500439066","https://openalex.org/W2542194775","https://openalex.org/W2182661536","https://openalex.org/W1987031311","https://openalex.org/W1969186191","https://openalex.org/W1972505359","https://openalex.org/W2112772594","https://openalex.org/W1480258634","https://openalex.org/W2558549271"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grant-free":[0],"random":[1],"access":[2,80],"is":[3,29,48,131,149,161],"a":[4,119],"critical":[5],"enabling":[6],"technology":[7],"for":[8,52,83],"massive":[9,36,66],"ultra-reliable":[10],"and":[11,15,44,69,89,110,141,157,179],"low-latency":[12],"communications":[13],"(mURLLC),":[14],"user":[16,86,100],"activity":[17,101],"detection":[18,84],"(UAD),":[19],"determining":[20],"which":[21],"users":[22,76,114],"are":[23,77,96],"active":[24],"based":[25,73,122],"on":[26,123],"received":[27,108],"signals,":[28],"indispensable":[30],"in":[31,64,94,126,144,151,175],"grant-free":[32],"access.":[33],"The":[34],"cell-free":[35,65],"multiple-input":[37],"multiple-output":[38],"(MIMO)":[39],"system,":[40],"providing":[41],"macro":[42],"diversity":[43],"supporting":[45],"more":[46],"users,":[47],"an":[49],"architecture":[50],"suitable":[51],"mURLLC.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"investigates":[56],"the":[57,105,127],"UAD":[58,135],"problem":[59],"with":[60],"changeable":[61],"pilot":[62,111],"sequences":[63],"MIMO":[67],"systems,":[68],"proposes":[70],"deep":[71],"learning":[72,125],"UADFormer,":[74],"where":[75],"assigned":[78],"to":[79,98,133,153,163],"points":[81],"(APs)":[82],"using":[85],"grouping":[87],"algorithm":[88],"transformer-based":[90],"neural":[91],"networks":[92],"(NNs)":[93],"APs":[95],"employed":[97,162],"output":[99],"state":[102],"by":[103,116],"exploiting":[104],"correlation":[106],"between":[107],"signals":[109],"sequences.":[112],"For":[113],"detected":[115],"multiple":[117],"APs,":[118,145],"fusion":[120],"NN":[121,165],"transfer":[124],"central":[128],"processing":[129],"unit":[130],"utilized":[132],"enhance":[134],"accuracy.":[136],"Additionally,":[137],"considering":[138],"limited":[139],"computational":[140,155,181],"storage":[142],"resources":[143],"sparse":[146],"attention":[147,159],"mechanism":[148],"used":[150],"NNs":[152],"reduce":[154],"complexity":[156],"residual":[158],"score":[160],"improve":[164],"performance.":[166],"Simulation":[167],"results":[168],"show":[169],"that":[170],"UADFormer":[171],"outperforms":[172],"other":[173],"schemes":[174],"various":[176],"evaluation":[177],"metrics":[178],"reduces":[180],"complexity.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
