{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402830204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3463211","title":"User Tracking and Direction Estimation Codebook Design for IRS-Assisted mmWave Communication","display_name":"User Tracking and Direction Estimation Codebook Design for IRS-Assisted mmWave Communication","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402830204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3463211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3463211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3463211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017775366","display_name":"Moritz Garkisch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9866-3433"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moritz Garkisch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communication, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9866-3433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communication, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035817861","display_name":"Sebastian Lotter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1922-2733"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Lotter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communication, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1922-2733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communication, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067580297","display_name":"Gui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-8830"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communication, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-8830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communication, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087843323","display_name":"Vahid Jamali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3920-7415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Jamali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Resilient Communication Systems Laboratory, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","Resilient Communication Systems, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3920-7415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Resilient Communication Systems Laboratory, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Resilient Communication Systems, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033990377","display_name":"Robert Schober","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-4884"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Schober","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communication, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-4884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communication, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017775366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0014,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76385078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"18169","last_page":"18185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.9628876447677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7132362127304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.46077412366867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4317772388458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3646335005760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22808179259300232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09010827541351318}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.9628876447677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7132362127304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.46077412366867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4317772388458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3646335005760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22808179259300232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09010827541351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3463211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3463211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:150513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/view/person/Garkisch=3AMoritz=3A=3A.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3219427252","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFB 1053, Project-ID 210487104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4629855623","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PIN 16KISK023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5040214985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SCHO 831/15-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062840023","https://openalex.org/W2087543940","https://openalex.org/W2098819654","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2149755721","https://openalex.org/W2263866228","https://openalex.org/W2463747392","https://openalex.org/W2604992528","https://openalex.org/W2936561632","https://openalex.org/W2963393241","https://openalex.org/W2985466239","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3008356568","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3038533179","https://openalex.org/W3045635192","https://openalex.org/W3045835314","https://openalex.org/W3088414295","https://openalex.org/W3114245817","https://openalex.org/W3115103619","https://openalex.org/W3128224604","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3168169223","https://openalex.org/W3212754735","https://openalex.org/W4200631944","https://openalex.org/W4200634239","https://openalex.org/W4212786834","https://openalex.org/W4213420705","https://openalex.org/W4285212922","https://openalex.org/W4285255953","https://openalex.org/W4286569356","https://openalex.org/W4301491118","https://openalex.org/W4312417713","https://openalex.org/W4320000069","https://openalex.org/W4372342341","https://openalex.org/W4387449180","https://openalex.org/W4389545365","https://openalex.org/W4391365555","https://openalex.org/W6637274275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2293149949","https://openalex.org/W2026099691","https://openalex.org/W4284672201","https://openalex.org/W2377486419","https://openalex.org/W2943202426","https://openalex.org/W2736714427","https://openalex.org/W2163679795","https://openalex.org/W2137816434"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Future":[0],"communication":[1],"systems":[2],"are":[3,228],"envisioned":[4],"to":[5,18,99,129,172,189,254],"employ":[6],"intelligent":[7],"reflecting":[8],"surfaces":[9],"(IRSs)":[10],"and":[11,105,124,241,244,268],"the":[12,26,36,40,59,75,79,91,94,102,107,120,126,142,162,180,183,197,206,210,219,224],"millimeter":[13],"wave":[14],"(mmWave)":[15],"frequency":[16],"band":[17],"provide":[19],"reliable":[20],"high-rate":[21],"services.":[22],"For":[23],"mobile":[24],"users,":[25],"time-varying":[27],"channel":[28,242],"state":[29],"information":[30,77],"(CSI)":[31],"requires":[32,200,234],"adequate":[33],"adjustment":[34],"of":[35,39,58,78,119,182,223],"reflection":[37,69],"pattern":[38],"IRS.":[41],"We":[42],"propose":[43],"a":[44,67,83,116,131,149,174,202,236],"novel":[45],"codebook-based":[46],"user":[47,80,207],"tracking":[48],"(UT)":[49],"algorithm":[50,73,147,186,227,233],"for":[51,135,166,239],"IRS-assisted":[52],"mmWave":[53],"communication,":[54],"allowing":[55],"suitable":[56],"reconfiguration":[57],"IRS":[60,108,247],"unit":[61],"cell":[62],"phase":[63,109,248,262],"shifts,":[64],"resulting":[65],"in":[66],"high":[68],"gain.":[70],"The":[71,156,230],"presented":[72],"acquires":[74],"direction":[76,88,92,121,136,145,158,163,240],"based":[81,259],"on":[82,205,260],"peak":[84],"maximum":[85],"likelihood":[86],"(ML)-based":[87],"estimation.":[89,137],"Using":[90],"information,":[93],"user\u2019s":[95],"trajectory":[96],"is":[97,177,187,252],"extrapolated":[98],"proactively":[100],"update":[101],"adopted":[103],"codeword":[104,266],"adjust":[106],"shift":[110,263],"configuration":[111],"accordingly.":[112],"Furthermore,":[113,209,250],"we":[114],"conduct":[115],"theoretical":[117],"analysis":[118],"estimation":[122,146,159,164,243],"error":[123,165],"utilize":[125],"obtained":[127],"insights":[128],"design":[130],"codebook":[132,160,176,270],"specifically":[133],"optimized":[134],"Our":[138],"results":[139],"show":[140],"that":[141],"proposed":[143,157,184,198,225,231],"ML-based":[144],"outperforms":[148],"multiple":[150],"signal":[151],"classification":[152],"(MUSIC)-based":[153],"reference":[154,175],"scheme.":[155],"improves":[161],"both":[167],"these":[168],"schemes":[169,258],"as":[170,216,218],"compared":[171],"when":[173],"used.":[178],"Also,":[179],"accuracy":[181],"UT":[185,226,232],"shown":[188,253],"be":[190],"competitive":[191],"with":[192],"Kalman":[193],"filter-based":[194],"UT,":[195],"while":[196],"scheme":[199],"fewer":[201],"priori":[203],"assumptions":[204],"movement.":[208],"average":[211,220],"achieved":[212],"signal-to-noise":[213],"ratio":[214],"(SNR)":[215],"well":[217],"effective":[221],"rate":[222],"analyzed.":[229],"only":[235],"low":[237],"overhead":[238],"avoids":[245],"outdated":[246],"shifts.":[249],"it":[251],"outperform":[255],"three":[256],"benchmark":[257],"direct":[261],"optimization,":[264],"optimal":[265],"selection,":[267],"hierarchical":[269],"search,":[271],"respectively,":[272],"via":[273],"computer":[274],"simulations.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}