{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406812006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3446633","title":"Deep Learning-Based Channel Extrapolation for 5G Advanced Massive MIMO: Hardware Prototype and Experimental Evaluation","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Channel Extrapolation for 5G Advanced Massive MIMO: Hardware Prototype and Experimental Evaluation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406812006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3446633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3446633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3446633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hongyao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7416-896X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongyao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Control Science and Engineering, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an, China","PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Control Science and Engineering, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102752443","display_name":"Mingjin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-3825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113364314","display_name":"Runyu Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runyu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387099","display_name":"Ning Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9403-3417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102739122","display_name":"Huihui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9890-0877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huihui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100621681","display_name":"Yuantao Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-1021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuantao Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Electronic, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086754620","display_name":"Wanmai Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2071-3702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanmai Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC), Beijing, China","Information Science Academy of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science Academy of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050402661","display_name":"Feifei Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8896-352X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feifei Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.6379,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99304303,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"1756","last_page":"1771"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrapolation","display_name":"Extrapolation","score":0.7556616067886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7209587693214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7192586660385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5096077919006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44679829478263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.42415809631347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.414424329996109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3628142476081848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3336160182952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2854386568069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08848491311073303}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132459708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744069","display_name":"Extrapolation","level":2,"score":0.7556616067886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7209587693214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7192586660385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5096077919006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44679829478263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.42415809631347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.414424329996109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3628142476081848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3336160182952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2854386568069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08848491311073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3446633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3446633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G448987220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L222002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5353535290","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62325107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6643904821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8392669911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62261160650","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8990715105","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62341107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2088212435","https://openalex.org/W2120549790","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2144144709","https://openalex.org/W2171342189","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2488265751","https://openalex.org/W2490222774","https://openalex.org/W2790223875","https://openalex.org/W2807731816","https://openalex.org/W2886124254","https://openalex.org/W2886374543","https://openalex.org/W2913064433","https://openalex.org/W2963190722","https://openalex.org/W2963290381","https://openalex.org/W2963290405","https://openalex.org/W2963889719","https://openalex.org/W2964628535","https://openalex.org/W2967981090","https://openalex.org/W2993827264","https://openalex.org/W3002828819","https://openalex.org/W3013594094","https://openalex.org/W3135509084","https://openalex.org/W3166129236","https://openalex.org/W4206739262","https://openalex.org/W4255949318","https://openalex.org/W4312311124","https://openalex.org/W6681435938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968270095","https://openalex.org/W4296478327","https://openalex.org/W1960072520","https://openalex.org/W2042397106","https://openalex.org/W4361730764","https://openalex.org/W1965029248","https://openalex.org/W4224872188","https://openalex.org/W4285223123","https://openalex.org/W4390846322","https://openalex.org/W4386970495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"study":[4],"the":[5,15,26,61,82,89,94,113,118,144,160,168],"deep":[6,134],"learning":[7],"(DL)":[8],"based":[9],"channel":[10,22,91,125,139,146,191,205],"extrapolation":[11,19,75],"problem":[12],"and":[13,20,127,189],"conduct":[14],"over-the-air":[16],"(OTA)":[17],"antenna":[18,70,74,100,120,165,187],"frequency":[21,39],"interpolation":[23],"test":[24],"for":[25,112,138],"3rd":[27],"generation":[28],"partnership":[29],"project":[30],"(3GPP)":[31],"long-term":[32],"evolution":[33],"(LTE)":[34],"time-division":[35],"duplex":[36],"(TDD)-like":[37],"orthogonal":[38],"division":[40],"multiplexing":[41],"(OFDM)":[42],"massive":[43],"MIMO":[44],"prototype.":[45],"We":[46,97,130],"first":[47],"present":[48,98],"measurement":[49],"campaigns":[50],"using":[51],"universal":[52],"software":[53],"radio":[54],"peripherals":[55],"(USRP)":[56],"at":[57],"3.5":[58],"GHz,":[59],"where":[60],"base":[62],"station":[63],"(BS)":[64],"is":[65,77,147],"composed":[66],"of":[67,110,124,143,151,185],"a":[68,107,133],"64-element":[69],"array.":[71],"A":[72],"DL-based":[73],"network":[76,102,137],"then":[78],"designed":[79],"to":[80,159,203],"approximate":[81],"inner":[83],"deterministic":[84],"function":[85],"among":[86],"antennas":[87,111],"from":[88],"attained":[90],"data":[92],"within":[93],"\u201ctraining\u201d":[95],"pilots.":[96],"an":[99,183],"selection":[101,121],"(ASN)":[103],"that":[104,179],"can":[105,181],"select":[106],"limited":[108],"number":[109],"best":[114],"extrapolation,":[115],"which":[116],"outperforms":[117],"uniform":[119],"in":[122,149,157,172],"terms":[123,150],"reconstruction":[126],"signal":[128],"detection.":[129],"also":[131],"design":[132],"residual":[135],"neural":[136],"interpolation.":[140],"The":[141],"performance":[142],"extrapolated":[145],"evaluated":[148],"normalized":[152],"mean":[153],"squared":[154],"error":[155],"(NMSE)":[156],"comparison":[158],"measured":[161],"channels":[162,171],"on":[163],"all":[164,173],"ports":[166,188],"or":[167],"full":[169],"pilot-aided":[170],"OFDM":[174],"subcarriers.":[175],"Experimental":[176],"results":[177],"show":[178],"ASN":[180],"reduce":[182],"average":[184],"87.5%":[186],"maintain":[190],"estimation":[192,206],"NMSE":[193],"by":[194],"<inline-formula":[195],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[196],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[197],"<tex-math":[198],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{-2}$":[199],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[200],"when":[201],"compared":[202],"3GPP":[204],"protocols.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}