{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394698864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3384501","title":"Cram\u00e9r-Rao Bound Optimization for Active RIS-Empowered ISAC Systems","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r-Rao Bound Optimization for Active RIS-Empowered ISAC Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394698864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3384501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3384501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3384501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743927","display_name":"Qi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8190-8912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351507","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-8241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-8241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063914481","display_name":"Rang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-7224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-7224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318597","display_name":"Qian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2282-4572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2282-4572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2732,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98209494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"11723","last_page":"11736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7597537040710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7237262725830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5328970551490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.5028683543205261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.49647098779678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.46763136982917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4661853015422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4443281292915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.42872875928878784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4157394766807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3904833197593689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.31087785959243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27453291416168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.23530638217926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1304636001586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.1181669533252716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7597537040710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7237262725830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5328970551490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.5028683543205261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.49647098779678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.46763136982917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4661853015422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4443281292915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.42872875928878784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4157394766807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3904833197593689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31087785959243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27453291416168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.23530638217926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1304636001586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.1181669533252716}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3384501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3384501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4552454278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8352091413","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u901a\u4fe1-\u63a7\u5236\u878d\u5408\u7684\u89c6\u89e6\u89c9\u4f20\u8f93\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W2171576754","https://openalex.org/W2769776241","https://openalex.org/W2964202652","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2973110004","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2996852472","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3021024154","https://openalex.org/W3038047043","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3088768990","https://openalex.org/W3092477192","https://openalex.org/W3133505491","https://openalex.org/W3137570378","https://openalex.org/W3155535021","https://openalex.org/W3164896102","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W3200629432","https://openalex.org/W3209801506","https://openalex.org/W3211270128","https://openalex.org/W3217184862","https://openalex.org/W4205204500","https://openalex.org/W4206296593","https://openalex.org/W4214881898","https://openalex.org/W4220842170","https://openalex.org/W4220857417","https://openalex.org/W4225737845","https://openalex.org/W4226165103","https://openalex.org/W4286569332","https://openalex.org/W4288769208","https://openalex.org/W4294811347","https://openalex.org/W4298368989","https://openalex.org/W4309400127","https://openalex.org/W4312639322","https://openalex.org/W4312830363","https://openalex.org/W4313001863","https://openalex.org/W4313004004","https://openalex.org/W4321780112","https://openalex.org/W4322576399","https://openalex.org/W4322706724","https://openalex.org/W4327928524","https://openalex.org/W4378697233","https://openalex.org/W4385819679","https://openalex.org/W4389922377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3159852908","https://openalex.org/W2994678687","https://openalex.org/W2478698443","https://openalex.org/W2340550229","https://openalex.org/W2790990878","https://openalex.org/W2741591884","https://openalex.org/W2950274618","https://openalex.org/W2886997539","https://openalex.org/W2014635939","https://openalex.org/W2073381184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"sensing":[1,8,43],"and":[2,9,17,66,105,142,164],"communication":[3,10,88,126],"(ISAC),":[4],"which":[5],"simultaneously":[6],"performs":[7],"functions":[11],"within":[12],"a":[13,23,57],"shared":[14],"frequency":[15],"band":[16],"hardware":[18],"platform,":[19],"has":[20,55],"emerged":[21],"as":[22,85,87],"promising":[24],"technology":[25],"for":[26],"future":[27],"wireless":[28,64],"systems.":[29],"Nevertheless,":[30],"the":[31,37,63,68,95,99,106,113,125,149,158,161,165],"weak":[32],"echo":[33,82],"signal":[34,83],"received":[35],"by":[36,60],"low-sensitivity":[38],"ISAC":[39,77,172],"receiver":[40],"significantly":[41],"constrains":[42],"performance":[44,116],"in":[45,117,171],"scenarios":[46],"involving":[47],"obstructed":[48],"targets.":[49],"Active":[50],"reconfigurable":[51],"intelligent":[52],"surface":[53],"(RIS)":[54],"become":[56],"prospective":[58],"solution":[59],"situationally":[61],"manipulating":[62],"propagations":[65],"amplifying":[67],"signals.":[69],"In":[70,90],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73,92],"investigate":[74],"active":[75,107,169],"RIS-empowered":[76],"systems":[78,173],"to":[79,111,124,147,174],"enhance":[80,175],"radar":[81],"quality":[84],"well":[86],"performance.":[89,179],"particular,":[91],"focus":[93],"on":[94,136],"joint":[96],"design":[97],"of":[98,119,160,167],"base":[100],"station":[101],"(BS)":[102],"transmit":[103],"precoding":[104],"RIS":[108,170],"reflection":[109],"beamforming":[110],"optimize":[112],"parameter":[114],"estimation":[115,178],"terms":[118],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[120],"bound":[121],"(CRB)":[122],"subject":[123],"users\u2019":[127],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[128],"ratio":[129],"(SINR)":[130],"requirements.":[131],"An":[132],"efficient":[133],"algorithm":[134,163],"based":[135],"alternating":[137],"optimization,":[138],"semidefinite":[139],"relaxation":[140],"(SDR),":[141],"majorization-minimization":[143],"(MM)":[144],"is":[145],"proposed":[146],"solve":[148],"formulated":[150],"challenging":[151],"non-convex":[152],"problem.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"simulation":[155],"results":[156],"validate":[157],"effectiveness":[159],"developed":[162],"potential":[166],"employing":[168],"direct-of-arrival":[176],"(DoA)":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}