{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393139936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3376800","title":"Fluid Antenna System Liberating Multiuser MIMO for ISAC via Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Fluid Antenna System Liberating Multiuser MIMO for ISAC via Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393139936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3376800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3376800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3376800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407081","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0187-6453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0187-6453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046032035","display_name":"Guo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-9028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-9028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356583","display_name":"Haibin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-6341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-6341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011048761","display_name":"Kai\u2010Kit Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-0078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Kit Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, United Kingdom","Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-0078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697315","display_name":"Zan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-6504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-6504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006080984","display_name":"Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-712X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-712X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079863632","display_name":"Chan\u2010Byoung Chae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-3341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Byoung Chae","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-3341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100407081"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.0129,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":122,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99815277,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"10879","last_page":"10894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8464603424072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7886949777603149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6103758811950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.5552039742469788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.507073163986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47775569558143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.47771787643432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.4402424693107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.4208552837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3558759093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.31529009342193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.26116085052490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1499926745891571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1442888081073761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8464603424072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7886949777603149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6103758811950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.5552039742469788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.507073163986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47775569558143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.47771787643432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.4402424693107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.4208552837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3558759093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.31529009342193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.26116085052490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1499926745891571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1442888081073761}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2024.3376800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2024.3376800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10191113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10191113/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications     p. 1.   (2024)     (In press).  ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1946603690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3208909815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M683428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8549941319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W2068712429","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2157397389","https://openalex.org/W2249053460","https://openalex.org/W2730884198","https://openalex.org/W2807731816","https://openalex.org/W2899663614","https://openalex.org/W2968018638","https://openalex.org/W2999272775","https://openalex.org/W3013594094","https://openalex.org/W3035665052","https://openalex.org/W3038047043","https://openalex.org/W3107232831","https://openalex.org/W3133735442","https://openalex.org/W3155535021","https://openalex.org/W3161208217","https://openalex.org/W3168977894","https://openalex.org/W3173360237","https://openalex.org/W3193816080","https://openalex.org/W3200629432","https://openalex.org/W4205204500","https://openalex.org/W4206671696","https://openalex.org/W4214866728","https://openalex.org/W4220978974","https://openalex.org/W4300223101","https://openalex.org/W4312255685","https://openalex.org/W4312959323","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4318586245","https://openalex.org/W4319765253","https://openalex.org/W4320029384","https://openalex.org/W4323896643","https://openalex.org/W4352977375","https://openalex.org/W4366147759","https://openalex.org/W4377971517","https://openalex.org/W4379928006","https://openalex.org/W4385063025","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387872618","https://openalex.org/W4388073421","https://openalex.org/W4388666110","https://openalex.org/W4389610136","https://openalex.org/W4390800959","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6725207838","https://openalex.org/W6730742100","https://openalex.org/W6734206676","https://openalex.org/W6755977528","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6763832118","https://openalex.org/W6767160061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3141240674","https://openalex.org/W4365807906","https://openalex.org/W2167568384","https://openalex.org/W2157864637","https://openalex.org/W2744170735","https://openalex.org/W2116541631","https://openalex.org/W4223416141","https://openalex.org/W2514205366","https://openalex.org/W3173074004","https://openalex.org/W2105999282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58,88],"aim":[1],"of":[2,10,49,61,68,263],"this":[3,62],"paper":[4],"is":[5,38,64,92,114,119,190,235],"to":[6,45,54,83,121,146,164,175,192,205,222,252],"enhance":[7],"the":[8,19,41,47,50,66,69,73,80,102,111,128,136,154,160,166,170,177,194,198,202,207,211,215,224,228,231,250,254,260,272],"performance":[9,262],"an":[11,123],"integrated":[12],"sensing":[13,56],"and":[14,180,186,210,269],"communications":[15],"(ISAC)":[16],"system":[17,32],"in":[18,25,196],"multiuser":[20,267],"multiple-input":[21],"multiple-output":[22],"(MIMO)":[23],"downlink":[24,51],"which":[26,197],"a":[27,55,85,141,148,240],"two-dimensional":[28],"(2D)":[29],"fluid":[30],"antenna":[31,70],"(FAS)":[33],"with":[34,79],"multiple":[35],"activated":[36,137],"ports":[37,71],"employed":[39],"at":[40,72],"base":[42],"station":[43],"(BS)":[44],"maximize":[46],"sum-rate":[48],"users":[52],"subject":[53],"constraint.":[57],"unique":[59],"feature":[60],"setup":[63],"that":[65],"locations":[67],"FAS":[74,265],"can":[75],"be":[76],"optimized":[77],"jointly":[78],"precoding":[81,162],"design":[82,147,176],"achieve":[84],"higher":[86],"sum-rate.":[87],"required":[89],"optimization":[90,130],"problem":[91],"however":[93],"NP-hard.":[94],"To":[95],"overcome":[96],"this,":[97],"we":[98,139,168,238],"start":[99],"by":[100,134,158],"considering":[101],"perfect":[103],"channel":[104,245],"state":[105],"information":[106],"(CSI)":[107],"scenario":[108],"where":[109,237],"all":[110,249],"port":[112,178],"CSI":[113,233,251],"available.":[115],"Deep":[116],"reinforcement":[117,172],"learning":[118,125,144,173],"utilized":[120],"build":[122],"end-to-end":[124],"framework":[126],"for":[127,152,247,266],"joint":[129,255],"problem.":[131],"In":[132],"particular,":[133],"fixing":[135],"ports,":[138],"adopt":[140,169],"primal-dual":[142],"based":[143],"algorithm":[145,174,189],"constraint-aware":[149],"neural":[150,161],"network":[151,163,200,204,213],"optimizing":[153],"ISAC":[155],"precoder.":[156],"Then,":[157],"using":[159,264],"calculate":[165],"reward,":[167],"deep":[171],"selection":[179],"precoder":[181],"jointly.":[182],"An":[183],"advantage":[184],"actor":[185,199],"critic":[187,212],"(A2C)":[188],"proposed":[191,273],"train":[193],"policy,":[195],"uses":[201],"pointer":[203],"learn":[206,223],"stochastic":[208],"policy":[209],"adopts":[214],"Long":[216],"Short-Term":[217],"Memory":[218],"(LSTM)":[219],"encoder":[220],"architecture":[221],"expected":[225],"reward":[226],"from":[227],"observations.":[229],"Afterwards,":[230],"partial":[232],"case":[234],"addressed,":[236],"propose":[239],"masked":[241],"autoencoder":[242],"(MAE)":[243],"induced":[244],"extrapolation":[246],"predicting":[248],"facilitate":[253],"design.":[256],"Simulation":[257],"results":[258],"demonstrate":[259],"promising":[261],"MIMO":[268],"also":[270],"validate":[271],"learning-based":[274],"scheme.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}