{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388579664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3329871","title":"Physical Layer Security for STAR-RIS-NOMA: A Stochastic Geometry Approach","display_name":"Physical Layer Security for STAR-RIS-NOMA: A Stochastic Geometry Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388579664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3329871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3329871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3329871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/98007/2/Ziyi_TWC_23_1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056779955","display_name":"Ziyi Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-225X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyi Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-225X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076863392","display_name":"Yuanwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-8941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-8941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041458779","display_name":"Wenqiang Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-5040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqiang Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-5040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036636413","display_name":"Xuanli Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-0367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanli Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-0367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002265731","display_name":"Arumugam Nallanathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8337-5884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arumugam Nallanathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8337-5884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80875938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"6030","last_page":"6044"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.7397682666778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.5694654583930969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noma","display_name":"Noma","score":0.5684417486190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5374496579170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.5160786509513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4474600553512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star","display_name":"Star (game theory)","score":0.44126856327056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.4112667441368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.28455251455307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2744641900062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22641760110855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2102239727973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.17220526933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12490132451057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.09741765260696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.07948753237724304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.7397682666778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.5694654583930969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775918612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994794","display_name":"Noma","level":3,"score":0.5684417486190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5374496579170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.5160786509513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4474600553512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780897414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600592","display_name":"Star (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.44126856327056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.4112667441368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.28455251455307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2744641900062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22641760110855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2102239727973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.17220526933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12490132451057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09741765260696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.07948753237724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3329871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3329871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.essex.ac.uk:36907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3329871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401236","display_name":"Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","host_organization_name":"University of Essex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/98007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/98007","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/98007/2/Ziyi_TWC_23_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/349990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/349990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/98007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/98007","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/98007/2/Ziyi_TWC_23_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7956929418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388579664.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388579664.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631335369","https://openalex.org/W1530662203","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W1991150587","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2148622067","https://openalex.org/W2170589865","https://openalex.org/W2551126468","https://openalex.org/W2566155463","https://openalex.org/W2791035328","https://openalex.org/W2797268362","https://openalex.org/W2807224212","https://openalex.org/W2857941047","https://openalex.org/W2945534522","https://openalex.org/W2995330189","https://openalex.org/W3040433108","https://openalex.org/W3040918692","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3084953801","https://openalex.org/W3100544904","https://openalex.org/W3135998278","https://openalex.org/W3159402647","https://openalex.org/W3165448662","https://openalex.org/W3174042897","https://openalex.org/W3183031715","https://openalex.org/W3190886403","https://openalex.org/W3194660132","https://openalex.org/W3198695922","https://openalex.org/W3205217150","https://openalex.org/W3210073225","https://openalex.org/W4220697450","https://openalex.org/W4226074164","https://openalex.org/W4226330150","https://openalex.org/W4243531027","https://openalex.org/W4285271674","https://openalex.org/W4292387509","https://openalex.org/W4312577754","https://openalex.org/W4313067094","https://openalex.org/W4392153504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3030525848","https://openalex.org/W4385966294","https://openalex.org/W4385516945","https://openalex.org/W3123062298","https://openalex.org/W3156341280","https://openalex.org/W3037922269","https://openalex.org/W3044269124","https://openalex.org/W4292263259","https://openalex.org/W2544692165","https://openalex.org/W2103179464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3],"stochastic":[4],"geometry":[5],"based":[6],"analytical":[7],"framework":[8],"is":[9,65,163,177],"proposed":[10],"for":[11,48,67,76,97],"secure":[12],"simultaneous":[13],"transmitting":[14],"and":[15,31,41,61,83,102,122,132],"reflecting":[16],"reconfigurable":[17],"intelligent":[18],"surface":[19],"(STAR-RIS)":[20],"assisted":[21],"non-orthogonal":[22],"multiple":[23,196],"access":[24],"(NOMA)":[25],"transmissions,":[26],"where":[27],"legitimate":[28],"users":[29],"(LUs)":[30],"eavesdroppers":[32],"are":[33,46,58,88,106],"randomly":[34],"distributed.":[35],"Both":[36],"the":[37,49,55,62,73,78,94,98,103,114,119,123,128,133,136,142,146,150,156,159,164,186,190,194],"time-switching":[38],"protocol":[39,45,148,161],"(TS)":[40],"energy":[42],"splitting":[43],"(ES)":[44],"considered":[47],"STAR-RIS.":[50],"To":[51,90],"characterize":[52],"system":[53],"performance,":[54],"channel":[56],"statistics":[57],"first":[59],"provided,":[60],"Gamma":[63],"approximation":[64],"adopted":[66],"general":[68],"cascaded":[69],"\u03ba-\u03bc":[70],"fading.":[71],"Afterward,":[72],"closed-form":[74],"expressions":[75],"both":[77],"secrecy":[79,85,99,104,115,143,187],"outage":[80],"probability":[81],"(SOP)":[82],"average":[84],"capacity":[86],"(ASC)":[87],"derived.":[89],"obtain":[91],"further":[92],"insights,":[93],"asymptotic":[95],"performance":[96],"diversity":[100,116],"order":[101],"slope":[105,144,157],"deduced.":[107],"The":[108,170],"theoretical":[109],"results":[110,172],"show":[111],"that":[112],"1)":[113,175],"orders":[117],"of":[118,135,145,152,158,168],"strong":[120],"LU":[121,125],"weak":[124],"depend":[126],"on":[127],"path":[129],"loss":[130],"exponent":[131],"distribution":[134],"received":[137],"signal-to-noise":[138],"ratio,":[139],"respectively;":[140],"2)":[141,189],"ES":[147],"achieves":[149],"value":[151],"one,":[153],"higher":[154],"than":[155],"TS":[160],"which":[162],"mode":[165,181],"operation":[166,182],"parameter":[167,183],"TS.":[169],"numerical":[171],"demonstrate":[173],"that:":[174],"there":[176],"an":[178],"optimal":[179],"STAR-RIS":[180],"to":[184],"maximize":[185],"performance;":[188],"STAR-RIS-NOMA":[191],"significantly":[192],"outperforms":[193],"STAR-RIS-orthogonal":[195],"access.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}