{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392843738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3326453","title":"Vector Quantization Methods for Access Point Placement in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"Vector Quantization Methods for Access Point Placement in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392843738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3326453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3326453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3326453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000639781","display_name":"Govind R. Gopal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0003-1117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Govind R. Gopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Nokia Standards, Nokia of America Corporation, Naperville, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Standards, Nokia of America Corporation, Naperville, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001700017","display_name":"Bhaskar D. Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6357-689X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhaskar D. Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000639781"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I72090969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6429,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8315873,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"5425","last_page":"5440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6749370098114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-quantization","display_name":"Vector quantization","score":0.60393226146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5809109807014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.49083858728408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34073925018310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.312910258769989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3036271631717682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.09040454030036926}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6749370098114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199833920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612536","display_name":"Vector quantization","level":2,"score":0.60393226146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5809109807014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.49083858728408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34073925018310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.312910258769989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3036271631717682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.09040454030036926}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3326453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3326453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4967870218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2124929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5506274774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2225617","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1634005169","https://openalex.org/W1870121198","https://openalex.org/W1981367467","https://openalex.org/W2010971425","https://openalex.org/W2013415723","https://openalex.org/W2020053595","https://openalex.org/W2022562606","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2070887824","https://openalex.org/W2093645013","https://openalex.org/W2106994558","https://openalex.org/W2124002824","https://openalex.org/W2137174862","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2155174176","https://openalex.org/W2159637866","https://openalex.org/W2162636480","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2289191545","https://openalex.org/W2412503523","https://openalex.org/W2490662969","https://openalex.org/W2546062527","https://openalex.org/W2558431499","https://openalex.org/W2592341259","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2610350904","https://openalex.org/W2742503793","https://openalex.org/W2792833290","https://openalex.org/W2798330471","https://openalex.org/W2802123921","https://openalex.org/W2890950736","https://openalex.org/W2918703512","https://openalex.org/W2924818594","https://openalex.org/W2963894874","https://openalex.org/W2963932297","https://openalex.org/W2964050245","https://openalex.org/W2972260047","https://openalex.org/W2974046131","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2984884920","https://openalex.org/W2994008524","https://openalex.org/W3023954356","https://openalex.org/W3025061635","https://openalex.org/W3045773157","https://openalex.org/W3080441795","https://openalex.org/W3082453238","https://openalex.org/W3091852078","https://openalex.org/W3094327350","https://openalex.org/W3102629668","https://openalex.org/W3102684176","https://openalex.org/W3118860675","https://openalex.org/W3130099654","https://openalex.org/W3169580983","https://openalex.org/W3183996360","https://openalex.org/W3191830203","https://openalex.org/W3191988080","https://openalex.org/W3212346531","https://openalex.org/W4206700475","https://openalex.org/W4210623860","https://openalex.org/W4212783130","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4214875982","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4280508416","https://openalex.org/W4297912121","https://openalex.org/W6668990524","https://openalex.org/W6748415611","https://openalex.org/W6749337988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W1539956819","https://openalex.org/W2093152993","https://openalex.org/W1489554298","https://openalex.org/W2378212145","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2400327593","https://openalex.org/W2121067345","https://openalex.org/W3209251257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"examine":[1],"the":[2,12,27,37,42,47,58,72,87,93,97,105,114,147,154,183],"problem":[3],"of":[4,14,49,71,113],"uplink":[5],"cell-free":[6,76,155],"access":[7],"point":[8,177],"(AP)":[9],"placement":[10,24,60,78,157],"in":[11],"context":[13],"optimal":[15],"throughput.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"regard,":[19],"we":[20,62],"formulate":[21],"two":[22],"main":[23],"problems,":[25,34,158],"namely":[26],"sum":[28,164,196],"rate":[29,32,167],"and":[30,35,134,137,165,172,197],"minimum":[31,166,198],"maximization":[33],"discuss":[36],"challenges":[38],"associated":[39],"with":[40,46,187],"solving":[41],"underlying":[43],"optimization":[44,180],"problems":[45],"help":[48],"some":[50],"simple":[51],"scenarios.":[52],"As":[53],"a":[54,64,120,141,174,192],"practical":[55],"solution":[56],"to":[57,75],"AP":[59,77,156],"problem,":[61],"suggest":[63],"vector":[65],"quantization":[66],"(VQ)":[67],"approach.":[68],"The":[69],"suitability":[70],"VQ":[73,89,107,125,184],"approach":[74],"is":[79,92,102,117,128,138],"investigated":[80],"by":[81],"examining":[82],"three":[83],"VQ-based":[84,148],"solutions.":[85],"First,":[86],"standard":[88],"approach,":[90],"that":[91,162],"Lloyd":[94],"algorithm":[95],"(using":[96],"squared":[98],"error":[99],"distortion":[100],"function)":[101],"described.":[103],"Second,":[104],"tree-structured":[106],"(TSVQ),":[108],"which":[109],"performs":[110],"successive":[111],"partitioning":[112],"distribution":[115],"space":[116],"applied.":[118],"Third,":[119],"probability":[121],"density":[122],"function":[123],"optimized":[124],"(PDFVQ)":[126],"procedure":[127],"outlined,":[129],"enabling":[130],"efficient,":[131],"low":[132],"complexity,":[133],"scalable":[135],"placement,":[136],"aimed":[139],"at":[140],"massive":[142],"distributed":[143],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[144],"scenario.":[145],"While":[146],"solutions":[149],"do":[150],"not":[151],"explicitly":[152],"solve":[153],"numerical":[159],"experiments":[160],"show":[161],"their":[163],"performances":[168],"are":[169],"good":[170,175,193],"enough,":[171],"offer":[173],"starting":[176],"for":[178],"gradient-based":[179],"methods.":[181],"Among":[182],"solutions,":[185],"PDFVQ,":[186],"its":[188],"distinct":[189],"advantages,":[190],"offers":[191],"trade-off":[194],"between":[195],"rates.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
