{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387730163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3323770","title":"Near-Field Modeling and Performance Analysis for Extremely Large-Scale IRS Communications","display_name":"Near-Field Modeling and Performance Analysis for Extremely Large-Scale IRS Communications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387730163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3323770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3323770","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3323770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084838984","display_name":"Chao Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8040-0314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8040-0314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067949963","display_name":"Haiquan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3897-9950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiquan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3897-9950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082336235","display_name":"Yong Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-0434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-0434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416714","display_name":"Teng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-8235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-8235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013079905","display_name":"Shi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-6021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-6021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422102","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-8393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-8393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2863,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95030064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"4976","last_page":"4989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6092844009399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5162239074707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4301592707633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.411994993686676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14110657572746277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12433096766471863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6092844009399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5162239074707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4301592707633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.411994993686676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14110657572746277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12433096766471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3323770","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3323770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005270928","https://openalex.org/W2038821639","https://openalex.org/W2067040941","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2145245010","https://openalex.org/W2622044750","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2805022829","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2952066149","https://openalex.org/W2963673880","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2975158636","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2984937369","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2996313530","https://openalex.org/W2997786076","https://openalex.org/W3006557588","https://openalex.org/W3010782164","https://openalex.org/W3043119790","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3072069827","https://openalex.org/W3099769502","https://openalex.org/W3104300639","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W3118514023","https://openalex.org/W3121470477","https://openalex.org/W3127940641","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3134164132","https://openalex.org/W3192219671","https://openalex.org/W3201861013","https://openalex.org/W3206094445","https://openalex.org/W3208383956","https://openalex.org/W3211807890","https://openalex.org/W3213225772","https://openalex.org/W3214875997","https://openalex.org/W3215644076","https://openalex.org/W4225873344","https://openalex.org/W4226370247","https://openalex.org/W4389626908","https://openalex.org/W6768248434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"reflecting":[1,80,125],"surface":[2],"(IRS)":[3],"is":[4,26,33,200,208],"an":[5],"emerging":[6],"technology":[7],"for":[8,38,62,103,178,245],"wireless":[9,63,246],"communications,":[10],"thanks":[11],"to":[12,16,158],"its":[13],"powerful":[14],"capability":[15],"engineer":[17],"the":[18,30,40,74,83,93,98,104,122,132,136,139,169,187,193,198,206,212,218,222,227,230,239],"radio":[19],"environment.":[20],"However,":[21],"in":[22,85,131,184],"practice,":[23],"this":[24,52],"benefit":[25],"attainable":[27],"only":[28],"when":[29],"passive":[31],"IRS":[32,68,188],"of":[34,78,97,116,124,172,186,192,229,241],"sufficiently":[35],"large":[36],"size,":[37],"which":[39,179],"conventional":[41,133],"uniform":[42,106,173],"plane":[43],"wave":[44,143],"(UPW)-based":[45],"far-field":[46],"model":[47,145],"may":[48],"become":[49],"invalid.":[50],"In":[51],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,90,166],"pursue":[55],"a":[56,152,159,180],"near-field":[57,243],"modelling":[58,244],"and":[59,82,95,119,155,190,197,237],"performance":[60],"analysis":[61,236],"communications":[64,247],"with":[65,121,147,151,221],"extremely":[66],"large-scale":[67],"(XL-IRS).":[69],"By":[70],"taking":[71],"into":[72],"account":[73],"directional":[75],"gain":[76,163],"pattern":[77],"IRS\u2019s":[79],"elements":[81,126],"variations":[84],"signal":[86],"amplitude":[87],"across":[88],"them,":[89],"derive":[91],"both":[92],"lower-":[94],"upper-bounds":[96],"resulting":[99],"signal-to-noise":[100],"ratio":[101],"(SNR)":[102],"generic":[105],"planar":[107],"array":[108,175],"(UPA)-based":[109],"XL-IRS.":[110,250],"Our":[111,202],"results":[112,233],"reveal":[113],"that,":[114],"instead":[115],"scaling":[117],"quadratically":[118],"unboundedly":[120],"number":[123],"<italic":[127,148],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[128,149],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">M</i>":[129,150],"as":[130,224,226],"UPW-based":[134],"model,":[135],"SNR":[137,182,207],"under":[138],"new":[140],"non-uniform":[141],"spherical":[142],"(NUSW)-based":[144],"increases":[146],"diminishing":[153],"return":[154],"eventually":[156],"converges":[157],"certain":[160],"limit.":[161],"To":[162],"more":[164],"insights,":[165],"further":[167],"study":[168],"special":[170],"case":[171],"linear":[174],"(ULA)-based":[176],"XL-IRS,":[177],"closed-form":[181],"expression":[183],"terms":[185],"size":[189],"locations":[191,220],"base":[194],"station":[195],"(BS)":[196],"user":[199],"derived.":[201],"result":[203],"shows":[204],"that":[205],"mainly":[209],"determined":[210],"by":[211,217,249],"two":[213],"geometric":[214],"angles":[215],"formed":[216],"BS/user":[219],"IRS,":[223],"well":[225],"dimension":[228],"IRS.":[231],"Numerical":[232],"validate":[234],"our":[235],"demonstrate":[238],"necessity":[240],"proper":[242],"aided":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}