{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383750408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3291198","title":"Delay-Optimal Computation Offloading in Large-Scale Multi-Access Edge Computing Using Mean Field Game","display_name":"Delay-Optimal Computation Offloading in Large-Scale Multi-Access Edge Computing Using Mean Field Game","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383750408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3291198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3291198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3291198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754209","display_name":"Dezhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-3271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dezhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-3271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392219","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-9075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-9075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063591390","display_name":"Hao Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-3676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-3676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751311","display_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-6228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92838618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1684","last_page":"1698"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7470510601997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.6877117156982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.5502092242240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5168598294258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.48419979214668274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.44146794080734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.41745099425315857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21164774894714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19700932502746582}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7470510601997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.6877117156982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5502092242240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5168598294258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.48419979214668274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.44146794080734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.41745099425315857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21164774894714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19700932502746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3291198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3291198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G31471538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2128368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G400433832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2107216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4144023154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2302469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5415390970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-2222810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5721591844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M733125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6610172906","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322622","display_name":"Toyota Motor Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/02zqm6r10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1904504745","https://openalex.org/W2098432798","https://openalex.org/W2183560445","https://openalex.org/W2344516430","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2791432311","https://openalex.org/W2905258887","https://openalex.org/W2913740539","https://openalex.org/W2950920210","https://openalex.org/W2956717547","https://openalex.org/W2984124215","https://openalex.org/W2994995521","https://openalex.org/W3004417498","https://openalex.org/W3009963213","https://openalex.org/W3013198216","https://openalex.org/W3016765057","https://openalex.org/W3022957613","https://openalex.org/W3023749864","https://openalex.org/W3035020587","https://openalex.org/W3036631744","https://openalex.org/W3044142342","https://openalex.org/W3080385693","https://openalex.org/W3082278499","https://openalex.org/W3105504538","https://openalex.org/W3128808873","https://openalex.org/W3137932838","https://openalex.org/W3144235125","https://openalex.org/W3145159167","https://openalex.org/W3159127267","https://openalex.org/W3163162707","https://openalex.org/W3165131088","https://openalex.org/W3166450745","https://openalex.org/W3169020617","https://openalex.org/W3174341749","https://openalex.org/W3178010443","https://openalex.org/W3183269529","https://openalex.org/W3186710247","https://openalex.org/W3199980453","https://openalex.org/W3200501610","https://openalex.org/W3209129288","https://openalex.org/W4224435268","https://openalex.org/W4225767175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W3108946947","https://openalex.org/W2337102067","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,16],"large-scale":[1,28,53,149],"multi-access":[2],"edge":[3],"computing":[4],"(MEC)":[5],"networks,":[6],"each":[7,32],"device":[8],"should":[9,111],"make":[10],"the":[11,43,63,70,78,91,96,102,119,125,128,133,143,148,152,165,172,176,189,193,203,207,211,214,219],"computation":[12,24,40,59,72,80,160],"offloading":[13,25,60,73,81,161],"decision":[14,86],"distributively.":[15],"this":[17],"paper,":[18],"we":[19,55,75,117,156,174,191],"target":[20],"on":[21,115,164],"a":[22,57,84,158,198],"delay-optimal":[23,79],"problem":[26,82,150],"in":[27,52],"MEC":[29,109,139],"systems,":[30,54],"where":[31,101],"task":[33,98,178,204],"has":[34],"two":[35],"properties:":[36],"data":[37],"size":[38],"and":[39,89,108,138,185,196,217],"amount.":[41],"Because":[42],"detailed":[44],"state":[45],"information":[46],"of":[47,127,213],"massive":[48],"devices":[49,107,137],"are":[50],"huge":[51],"propose":[56,157,197],"distributed":[58,71],"algorithm":[61,162,200,216],"using":[62],"mean":[64,144],"field":[65],"game":[66],"(MFG).":[67],"To":[68,146],"design":[69],"algorithm,":[74],"first":[76],"formulate":[77],"as":[83,142],"Markov":[85],"process":[87],"(MDP)":[88],"derive":[90],"Hamilton-Jaccobi-Bellman":[92],"(HJB)":[93],"equation":[94,122],"with":[95,132,151],"unknown":[97,153,177],"allocation":[99,154,179],"proportion,":[100,155],"combined":[103],"influence":[104,134],"from":[105,135],"other":[106,136],"servers":[110,140],"be":[112],"estimated.":[113],"Based":[114],"MFG,":[116],"obtain":[118],"Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov":[120],"(FPK)":[121],"to":[123,182,201,223],"describe":[124],"evolution":[126],"system\u2019s":[129],"collective":[130],"behavior,":[131],"formulated":[141],"field.":[145],"solve":[147],"optimal":[159],"based":[163],"generative":[166],"adversarial":[167],"networks":[168],"(GAN)":[169],"structure.":[170],"For":[171,188],"generator,":[173],"generate":[175],"proportion":[180],"due":[181],"its":[183],"non-calculability":[184],"insufficient":[186],"dataset.":[187],"discriminator,":[190],"train":[192],"value":[194],"function,":[195],"water-filling":[199],"prioritize":[202],"offloading.":[205],"Finally,":[206],"simulation":[208],"results":[209],"evaluate":[210],"performance":[212,220],"proposed":[215],"show":[218],"gain":[221],"compared":[222],"conventional":[224],"algorithms.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}