{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380450816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3283475","title":"Grid-Free MIMO Beam Alignment Through Site-Specific Deep Learning","display_name":"Grid-Free MIMO Beam Alignment Through Site-Specific Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380450816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3283475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3283475","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3283475","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073860523","display_name":"Yuqiang Heng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-9600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqiang Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G&#x0040;UT, Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-9600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G&#x0040;UT, Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042833857","display_name":"Jeffrey G. Andrews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-5088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey G. Andrews","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G&#x0040;UT, Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-5088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G&#x0040;UT, Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85352764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"908","last_page":"921"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6752704381942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6388136744499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.47577348351478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44351568818092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4253007769584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42001473903656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.38092896342277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.19196903705596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.17170500755310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1535826325416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13003534078598022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.10614919662475586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6752704381942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6388136744499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.47577348351478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44351568818092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4253007769584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42001473903656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.38092896342277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.19196903705596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.17170500755310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1535826325416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13003534078598022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.10614919662475586}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3283475","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3283475","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W779733492","https://openalex.org/W2167005403","https://openalex.org/W2261663070","https://openalex.org/W2278865433","https://openalex.org/W2603407422","https://openalex.org/W2614851539","https://openalex.org/W2735805755","https://openalex.org/W2796047239","https://openalex.org/W2949356284","https://openalex.org/W2955133642","https://openalex.org/W2962944637","https://openalex.org/W3006424994","https://openalex.org/W3013689226","https://openalex.org/W3037339607","https://openalex.org/W3038755994","https://openalex.org/W3083569984","https://openalex.org/W3105281589","https://openalex.org/W3163731022","https://openalex.org/W3189132221","https://openalex.org/W3196023632","https://openalex.org/W3203938711","https://openalex.org/W3212407382","https://openalex.org/W3213965409","https://openalex.org/W4214828252","https://openalex.org/W4226110397","https://openalex.org/W4289823339","https://openalex.org/W4293150274","https://openalex.org/W4312770573","https://openalex.org/W4319068858","https://openalex.org/W4320029459","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6759127422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W4291895924","https://openalex.org/W1783583321","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4304166257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Beam":[0],"alignment":[1,13,75],"is":[2,64],"a":[3,72,93,100,111,151],"critical":[4],"bottleneck":[5],"in":[6,49,139],"millimeter":[7],"wave":[8],"communication.":[9],"An":[10],"ideal":[11],"beam":[12,63,74],"technique":[14],"should":[15],"achieve":[16],"high":[17],"beamforming":[18],"gain":[19],"with":[20,27,133],"low":[21],"latency,":[22],"scale":[23],"well":[24],"to":[25,119,146],"systems":[26],"higher":[28,136],"carrier":[29],"frequencies,":[30],"larger":[31],"antenna":[32],"arrays":[33],"and":[34,38,69,82],"multiple":[35],"user":[36],"equipment,":[37],"not":[39],"require":[40],"hard-to-obtain":[41],"context":[42],"information.":[43],"These":[44],"qualities":[45],"are":[46],"collectively":[47],"lacking":[48],"existing":[50],"methods.":[51],"We":[52],"depart":[53],"from":[54,66,85,92],"the":[55,61,80,86,107,120,140],"conventional":[56,152],"codebook-based":[57],"(CB)":[58],"approach":[59],"where":[60],"optimal":[62],"chosen":[65],"quantized":[67],"codebooks":[68],"instead":[70],"propose":[71],"grid-free":[73],"method":[76,109],"that":[77],"directly":[78],"synthesizes":[79],"transmit":[81],"receive":[83],"beams":[84,97,126,132],"continuous":[87],"search":[88,149],"space":[89],"using":[90],"measurements":[91],"few":[94],"site-specific":[95],"probing":[96],"found":[98],"via":[99],"deep":[101],"learning":[102],"pipeline.":[103],"In":[104],"realistic":[105],"settings,":[106],"proposed":[108],"achieves":[110],"far":[112],"superior":[113],"signal-to-noise":[114],"ratio":[115],"(SNR)-latency":[116],"trade-off":[117],"compared":[118],"CB":[121],"baselines:":[122],"it":[123],"aligns":[124],"near-optimal":[125],"100x":[127],"faster":[128],"or":[129],"equivalently":[130],"finds":[131],"10\u201315":[134],"dB":[135],"average":[137],"SNR":[138],"same":[141],"number":[142],"of":[143],"searches,":[144],"relative":[145],"an":[147],"exhaustive":[148],"over":[150],"codebook.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
