{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379983288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3282630","title":"Partial Computation Offloading in Satellite-Based Three-Tier Cloud-Edge Integration Networks","display_name":"Partial Computation Offloading in Satellite-Based Three-Tier Cloud-Edge Integration Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379983288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3282630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3282630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3282630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045466999","display_name":"Yaomin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-5195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yaomin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458455","display_name":"Haijun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-6482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073449080","display_name":"Kai Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4536-0416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101950162","display_name":"Jiahao Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-2816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387099","display_name":"Ning Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9403-3417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Networking and Data Analysis, School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Networking and Data Analysis, School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035919267","display_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor C. M. Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045466999"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98471898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"836","last_page":"847"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.847252368927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.741048276424408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6996920108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.6042803525924683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5151154398918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5084268450737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.47512418031692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.45090407133102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.43819254636764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4332057535648346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4261091351509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33661168813705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.33052605390548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19971314072608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.19262433052062988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.847252368927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.741048276424408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6996920108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.6042803525924683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5151154398918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5084268450737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.47512418031692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.45090407133102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.43819254636764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4332057535648346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4261091351509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33661168813705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.33052605390548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19971314072608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.19262433052062988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3282630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3282630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4050208279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6147699819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1806103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6308737694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62225103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G967332224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L212004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013850411","https://openalex.org/W2116175219","https://openalex.org/W2168620722","https://openalex.org/W2195423816","https://openalex.org/W2516316490","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2763827256","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2788428941","https://openalex.org/W2800305275","https://openalex.org/W2924948991","https://openalex.org/W2962815534","https://openalex.org/W2963666973","https://openalex.org/W2964056969","https://openalex.org/W2973833134","https://openalex.org/W2994626336","https://openalex.org/W2994995521","https://openalex.org/W2999271997","https://openalex.org/W3024547383","https://openalex.org/W3036634962","https://openalex.org/W3043131282","https://openalex.org/W3088802706","https://openalex.org/W3110646255","https://openalex.org/W3113783140","https://openalex.org/W3127207655","https://openalex.org/W3131309288","https://openalex.org/W3133592136","https://openalex.org/W3137135908","https://openalex.org/W3155400008","https://openalex.org/W3163231210","https://openalex.org/W3172247901","https://openalex.org/W3196018792","https://openalex.org/W3202629807","https://openalex.org/W3213889621","https://openalex.org/W3213970494","https://openalex.org/W3214285294","https://openalex.org/W3216212383","https://openalex.org/W4210340876","https://openalex.org/W4210439023","https://openalex.org/W4225824222","https://openalex.org/W4285247671","https://openalex.org/W4286377573","https://openalex.org/W6607432528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W2902693277","https://openalex.org/W4378977105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computation":[0],"offloading":[1,129,143],"tends":[2],"to":[3,30,53,60,116,145],"be":[4,22],"an":[5],"effective":[6],"way":[7],"for":[8,74,126,155],"mitigating":[9],"computing":[10],"pressure":[11],"of":[12,36,151],"user":[13,49,81],"equipments":[14],"(UEs).":[15],"By":[16,91],"computation":[17,128,142],"offloading,":[18],"the":[19,61,92,118,147,152],"task":[20,85],"can":[21],"handled":[23],"in":[24],"network":[25],"edge":[26,56],"and/or":[27],"cloud":[28,64],"center":[29],"compensate":[31],"insufficient":[32],"resources":[33],"and":[34,58,79,87,99,111,141,149],"capabilities":[35],"UEs.":[37],"In":[38,114,133],"this":[39],"study,":[40],"we":[41,136],"construct":[42],"a":[43,122],"three-tier":[44,127],"cloud-edge":[45],"integration":[46],"network,":[47],"where":[48],"tasks":[50],"are":[51,104],"offloaded":[52],"satellite":[54],"based":[55,95],"server":[57,65],"further":[59],"remote":[62],"ground":[63],"via":[66],"backhaul":[67],"links.":[68],"The":[69],"optimization":[70,109],"problem":[71,130],"is":[72,131],"modeled":[73],"minimizing":[75],"system":[76,157],"energy":[77,158],"consumption":[78],"considers":[80],"association,":[82],"power":[83],"allocation,":[84],"scheduling,":[86],"bandwidth":[88],"assignment":[89],"jointly.":[90],"proposed":[93],"schemes":[94,140,144],"on":[96],"relaxation":[97],"transformation":[98],"fractional":[100],"programming,":[101],"four":[102],"subproblems":[103],"transformed":[105],"into":[106],"corresponding":[107],"convex":[108],"problems":[110],"solved":[112],"respectively.":[113],"order":[115],"find":[117],"global":[119],"optimal":[120],"solutions,":[121],"joint":[123],"iterative":[124],"algorithm":[125,154],"designed.":[132],"numerical":[134],"simulations,":[135],"compare":[137],"different":[138],"communication":[139],"present":[146],"rationality":[148],"superiority":[150],"designed":[153],"reducing":[156],"consumption.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}