{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379932243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3281885","title":"Design of Near-Field Beamforming for Large Intelligent Surfaces","display_name":"Design of Near-Field Beamforming for Large Intelligent Surfaces","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379932243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3281885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3281885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3281885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025615428","display_name":"Sha Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-3906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159102","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/0500fyd17","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210159102"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sha Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund Research Center, Huawei Technologies Sweden AB, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-3906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund Research Center, Huawei Technologies Sweden AB, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073850853","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-9838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-9838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012132140","display_name":"Mehmet C. Ilter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1773-0507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159102","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/0500fyd17","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210159102"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet C. Ilter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund Research Center, Huawei Technologies Sweden AB, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1773-0507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund Research Center, Huawei Technologies Sweden AB, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159102"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91379545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"762","last_page":"774"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.9424922466278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7850021123886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-and-far-field","display_name":"Near and far field","score":0.682756781578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6401842832565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5612902045249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.5297573208808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4252833127975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4167366027832031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.36216914653778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3299065828323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2915492057800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28289175033569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24305066466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1949233114719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17058825492858887}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.9424922466278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7850021123886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25227671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13405516","display_name":"Near and far field","level":2,"score":0.682756781578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6401842832565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5612902045249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.5297573208808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4252833127975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4167366027832031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.36216914653778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3299065828323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2915492057800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28289175033569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24305066466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1949233114719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17058825492858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3281885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3281885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982686915","https://openalex.org/W2093589053","https://openalex.org/W2098004742","https://openalex.org/W2109808436","https://openalex.org/W2136017566","https://openalex.org/W2140942991","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2151981731","https://openalex.org/W2239864376","https://openalex.org/W2261663070","https://openalex.org/W2617211273","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2770505202","https://openalex.org/W2787121430","https://openalex.org/W2796047239","https://openalex.org/W2955369251","https://openalex.org/W2962703830","https://openalex.org/W2963363746","https://openalex.org/W3006557588","https://openalex.org/W3013905898","https://openalex.org/W3015956975","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3045086480","https://openalex.org/W3099769502","https://openalex.org/W3105281589","https://openalex.org/W3148236571","https://openalex.org/W3192857289","https://openalex.org/W3199802483","https://openalex.org/W3206094445","https://openalex.org/W3213225772","https://openalex.org/W4206725225","https://openalex.org/W4213420705","https://openalex.org/W4286569356","https://openalex.org/W4286969151","https://openalex.org/W4297094903","https://openalex.org/W4309270041","https://openalex.org/W4312453348","https://openalex.org/W4312590182","https://openalex.org/W4312637684","https://openalex.org/W4324125657","https://openalex.org/W6810197281","https://openalex.org/W6840343266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207918248","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2506626932","https://openalex.org/W2037755532","https://openalex.org/W2620095399","https://openalex.org/W1488668773","https://openalex.org/W4288602396","https://openalex.org/W2914555611","https://openalex.org/W2006021297","https://openalex.org/W4285192270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,96],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,103,184],"propose":[4],"a":[5,65,74,100,113,118,152,161,199],"novel":[6],"three-dimensional":[7],"(3D)":[8],"near-field":[9,24,33,121,141,193,221],"beamforming":[10],"(BF)":[11],"design":[12,86,165,189],"for":[13,190],"Large":[14],"Intelligent":[15],"Surface":[16],"(LIS).":[17],"We":[18,48],"firstly":[19],"investigate":[20],"the":[21,31,45,51,56,106,133,139,173,178,191,212,220],"definitions":[22],"of":[23,27,59,67,83,222],"and":[25,29,117,135,169,195],"far-field":[26,78,115,125,175],"LIS,":[28],"derive":[30],"Fresnel":[32,52],"region":[34,53],"where":[35],"amplitudes":[36],"variations":[37,43,129,146],"are":[38],"negligible":[39],"but":[40],"only":[41],"phase":[42,128],"worsen":[44],"harvested":[46],"array-gains.":[47],"show":[49,104,196],"that":[50,90,105,197,211],"which":[54],"covers":[55],"majority":[57],"part":[58],"near-field,":[60],"can":[61,91,109,203],"be":[62,110],"enlarged":[63],"by":[64,148],"factor":[66],"four":[68],"when":[69],"considering":[70],"possible":[71],"imperfectness":[72],"from":[73,130,151],"conventional":[75],"two-dimensional":[76],"(2D)":[77],"BF.":[79,122],"Therefore,":[80],"it":[81,202],"is":[82,170,214],"interest":[84],"to":[85,155,206,216],"an":[87,186],"analog":[88],"3D-BF":[89,108],"recover":[92,217],"array-gain":[93],"losses":[94],"in":[95,132,177,219],"region.":[97],"Secondly,":[98],"with":[99,172,198],"decomposition":[101],"theorem":[102],"optimal":[107,187],"decomposed":[111],"into":[112],"2D":[114,124],"BF":[116,126,142,164,176],"one-dimensional":[119],"(1D)":[120],"The":[123],"compensates":[127,143],"mismatches":[131],"azimuth":[134],"elevation":[136],"angles,":[137],"while":[138],"1D":[140,192],"remaining":[144],"phases":[145],"caused":[147],"distance":[149],"differences":[150],"user-equipment":[153],"(UE)":[154],"different":[156],"antenna-elements":[157],"on":[158],"LIS.":[159,223],"Such":[160],"proposed":[162],"\u201c2D+1D\u201d":[163],"reduces":[166],"codebook-size":[167],"significantly":[168],"compatible":[171],"existing":[174],"fifth-generation":[179],"new-radio":[180],"(5G-NR)":[181],"system.":[182],"Thirdly,":[183],"analyze":[185],"codebook":[188,201],"BF,":[194],"small":[200],"perform":[204],"close":[205],"optimal.":[207],"Numerical":[208],"results":[209],"verify":[210],"proposal":[213],"effective":[215],"array-gains":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}