{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320712907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3243121","title":"High Order QAM Modulation in Massive MIMO Systems With Asymmetrically Quantized 1-Bit ADCs","display_name":"High Order QAM Modulation in Massive MIMO Systems With Asymmetrically Quantized 1-Bit ADCs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320712907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3243121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3243121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3243121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101986494","display_name":"Bule Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3178-8270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bule Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vivo Mobile Communication Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3178-8270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vivo Mobile Communication Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025685460","display_name":"Xiaogang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3236-6547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaogang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3236-6547","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040456231","display_name":"Yiqing Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4553-5207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqing Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Processors and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mobile Computing and Pervasive Device, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4553-5207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Processors and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mobile Computing and Pervasive Device, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012117289","display_name":"Zhengang Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1856-7170"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengang Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spreadtrum Communications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spreadtrum Communications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023704427","display_name":"Hai Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-0414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-0414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101986494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71011748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"9","first_page":"6369","last_page":"6382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.8418251276016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.707165002822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.7001575231552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qam","display_name":"QAM","score":0.6720055341720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5336340665817261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.499680757522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.4721655547618866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.46362993121147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.4501219093799591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.42103540897369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-number-of-bits","display_name":"Effective number of bits","score":0.4200296103954315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.36877769231796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3585083484649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.35601890087127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23504135012626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1752573847770691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.16131559014320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.12576138973236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12285631895065308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.8418251276016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.707165002822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.7001575231552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59030546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265371","display_name":"QAM","level":5,"score":0.6720055341720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5336340665817261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.499680757522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.4721655547618866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.46362993121147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.4501219093799591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.42103540897369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16671190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505579","display_name":"Effective number of bits","level":3,"score":0.4200296103954315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.36877769231796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3585083484649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.35601890087127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23504135012626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1752573847770691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.16131559014320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.12576138973236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12285631895065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3243121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2023.3243121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4934324081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2900203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7872725137","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2021013-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","funder_display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W609138564","https://openalex.org/W1521591241","https://openalex.org/W1760105601","https://openalex.org/W1776974347","https://openalex.org/W2024370928","https://openalex.org/W2039542900","https://openalex.org/W2095786348","https://openalex.org/W2103364136","https://openalex.org/W2103972037","https://openalex.org/W2109808436","https://openalex.org/W2134179788","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2157803532","https://openalex.org/W2244462068","https://openalex.org/W2325314016","https://openalex.org/W2478613266","https://openalex.org/W2493390539","https://openalex.org/W2526144952","https://openalex.org/W2533046718","https://openalex.org/W2543606931","https://openalex.org/W2557092982","https://openalex.org/W2590906168","https://openalex.org/W2753029281","https://openalex.org/W2779097215","https://openalex.org/W2783638393","https://openalex.org/W2789947301","https://openalex.org/W2792388031","https://openalex.org/W2799249207","https://openalex.org/W2887215532","https://openalex.org/W2890964800","https://openalex.org/W2913414785","https://openalex.org/W2946574388","https://openalex.org/W2962741748","https://openalex.org/W2963118352","https://openalex.org/W2963391296","https://openalex.org/W2963783167","https://openalex.org/W2964074411","https://openalex.org/W3041140499","https://openalex.org/W3098966262","https://openalex.org/W3100164193","https://openalex.org/W3105857173","https://openalex.org/W3111797484","https://openalex.org/W4212997115","https://openalex.org/W4213316265","https://openalex.org/W4238030832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2893995248","https://openalex.org/W4390873927","https://openalex.org/W2148868771","https://openalex.org/W2147334234","https://openalex.org/W2085207364","https://openalex.org/W2159438609","https://openalex.org/W2900995485","https://openalex.org/W3196902411","https://openalex.org/W2064534496","https://openalex.org/W1526007253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deploying":[0],"1-bit":[1,40,196],"analog-to-digital":[2],"converters":[3],"(ADCs)":[4],"in":[5,88,105,194],"massive":[6,42,198],"multiple-input":[7],"multiple-output":[8],"(MIMO)":[9],"systems":[10,44],"is":[11,83,95,98,136,155],"promising":[12],"to":[13,75,130,164],"reduce":[14],"the":[15,23,36,53,56,85,89,101,106,120,123,132,144,150,166,169,180,186,195],"energy":[16],"consumption.":[17],"However,":[18],"serious":[19],"quantization":[20,57,61,103,114,124,151,162],"errors":[21],"limit":[22],"feasibility":[24],"of":[25,39,70,122,168,189],"high":[26,46,73,93,190],"order":[27,47,191],"quadrature":[28],"amplitude":[29,86,133],"modulation":[30],"(QAM).":[31],"This":[32,82],"paper":[33],"focuses":[34],"on":[35,119,160],"performance":[37,188],"analysis":[38,121],"ADC":[41,197],"MIMO":[43,199],"with":[45,79],"QAM.":[48],"Firstly,":[49],"we":[50,126],"theoretically":[51],"analyze":[52],"relationship":[54],"between":[55],"error":[58],"and":[59,148],"various":[60],"parameters.":[62],"We":[63],"reveal":[64],"that":[65,179],"there":[66],"exists":[67],"an":[68],"overlapping":[69],"constellations":[71],"at":[72,92],"signal":[74,91,193],"noise":[76],"ratio":[77],"(SNR)":[78],"symmetric":[80,107],"quantization.":[81,108],"because":[84],"information":[87],"detected":[90],"SNR":[94],"lost":[96],"which":[97],"multiplied":[99],"by":[100,142,172],"zero":[102],"threshold":[104],"To":[109],"overcome":[110],"this":[111],"problem,":[112],"asymmetric":[113],"should":[115],"be":[116],"considered.":[117],"Based":[118],"error,":[125],"propose":[127],"two":[128],"approaches":[129,182],"recover":[131],"information.":[134],"One":[135],"a":[137,156],"near":[138],"unbiased":[139],"detection":[140,158,170,187],"(NUD)":[141],"scaling":[143],"traditional":[145],"linear":[146],"detector":[147],"optimizing":[149],"threshold.":[152],"The":[153],"other":[154],"sub-array":[157],"based":[159],"non-uniform":[161],"(SAD-NQ)":[163],"correct":[165],"deviation":[167],"result":[171],"averaging":[173],"over":[174],"sub-arrays.":[175],"Simulation":[176],"results":[177],"show":[178],"proposed":[181],"can":[183],"significantly":[184],"improve":[185],"QAM":[192],"systems.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
