{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312562647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3224150","title":"Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Downlink Beamforming in Heterogeneous Networks","display_name":"Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Downlink Beamforming in Heterogeneous Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312562647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3224150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3224150","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3224150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046428718","display_name":"Zitian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75059550","display_name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University","ror":"https://ror.org/0569mkk41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zitian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-735X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102834871","display_name":"Jinbo Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4009-5564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinbo Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4009-5564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069850104","display_name":"Xiaoli Chu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-6149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043286765","display_name":"Haibo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-8917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-8917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080535529","display_name":"Guiyi Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0635-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75059550","display_name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University","ror":"https://ror.org/0569mkk41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guiyi Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0635-2053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436731","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046428718"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9237,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73716691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"4247","last_page":"4263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8867741823196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7701078653335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.751418948173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6807212829589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6082239151000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.5229026675224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4247239828109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32120150327682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27415207028388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.250388503074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24279829859733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2168276011943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19730940461158752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8867741823196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7701078653335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.751418948173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6807212829589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6082239151000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.5229026675224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4247239828109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32120150327682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27415207028388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.250388503074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24279829859733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2168276011943817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19730940461158752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3224150","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3224150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7166221729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598715914","https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W1971718957","https://openalex.org/W1994004937","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2044593797","https://openalex.org/W2048030249","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2056798980","https://openalex.org/W2067460508","https://openalex.org/W2107413438","https://openalex.org/W2109800347","https://openalex.org/W2120445834","https://openalex.org/W2121717117","https://openalex.org/W2125113829","https://openalex.org/W2127886694","https://openalex.org/W2144000019","https://openalex.org/W2146761479","https://openalex.org/W2157242700","https://openalex.org/W2163762663","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2534104269","https://openalex.org/W2756144809","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2908498346","https://openalex.org/W2922273628","https://openalex.org/W2955133642","https://openalex.org/W2962797279","https://openalex.org/W2963000651","https://openalex.org/W2963408914","https://openalex.org/W2988592481","https://openalex.org/W3008023201","https://openalex.org/W3017122346","https://openalex.org/W3037207668","https://openalex.org/W3096610621","https://openalex.org/W3098060190","https://openalex.org/W3111512940","https://openalex.org/W3123852972","https://openalex.org/W3207252949","https://openalex.org/W3209187475","https://openalex.org/W4283821821","https://openalex.org/W4312364565"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W1761601995","https://openalex.org/W2962922943","https://openalex.org/W2613807087","https://openalex.org/W2921549278","https://openalex.org/W3046102531","https://openalex.org/W2038093983","https://openalex.org/W3167642505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,26,98],"consider":[1],"a":[2,28,85,100,132,138],"heterogeneous":[3],"network":[4,65],"(HetNet),":[5],"where":[6],"multiple":[7],"access":[8],"points":[9],"(APs)":[10],"of":[11,94,111,161,193],"potentially":[12],"different":[13],"transmission":[14],"capacities":[15],"serve":[16],"users":[17],"simultaneously":[18],"via":[19],"beamforming":[20,29,77,96,189],"in":[21,84,115,131,154,169,191],"the":[22,39,43,89,92,105,113,124,127,148,158,170,173,180,187,194],"same":[23],"spectrum":[24],"band.":[25],"propose":[27],"framework":[30,182],"that":[31,179],"exploits":[32],"multi-agent":[33],"deep":[34,63],"reinforcement":[35],"learning":[36],"(DRL)":[37],"for":[38],"HetNet":[40],"to":[41,103,172],"maximize":[42],"system":[44,128,195],"downlink":[45,129,196],"sum-rate.":[46],"In":[47],"our":[48],"framework,":[49],"each":[50,162],"AP":[51],"acts":[52],"as":[53,141],"an":[54,60,68,75,116],"agent,":[55],"which":[56],"is":[57],"equipped":[58],"with":[59,151],"online":[61,69,117],"policy":[62,106],"neural":[64],"(DNN)":[66],"and":[67,108,185],"Q-function":[70,109],"DNN.":[71],"The":[72],"former":[73],"generates":[74],"AP\u2019s":[76,163],"vector":[78],"based":[79],"only":[80],"on":[81],"local":[82,164],"observations":[83],"time":[86,134,156],"slot,":[87,157],"while":[88],"latter":[90],"evaluates":[91],"appropriateness":[93],"this":[95,121],"vector.":[97],"present":[99],"distributed-updating-centralized-rewarding":[101],"scheme":[102],"train":[104],"DNNs":[107,110,165],"all":[112,123],"APs":[114,125],"trial-and-error":[118],"way.":[119],"Under":[120],"scheme,":[122],"take":[126],"sum-rate":[130,197],"recent":[133],"slot":[135],"(informed":[136],"by":[137,147],"central":[139],"controller)":[140],"their":[142],"identical":[143],"one-step":[144],"reward.":[145],"Trained":[146],"experience":[149],"items":[150],"centralized":[152],"rewards":[153],"every":[155],"weight":[159],"vectors":[160],"will":[166],"be":[167],"updated":[168],"direction":[171],"global":[174],"optimum.":[175],"Simulation":[176],"results":[177],"demonstrate":[178],"proposed":[181],"converges":[183],"fast":[184],"outperforms":[186],"benchmark":[188],"methods":[190],"terms":[192],"performance.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}