{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312735976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3215104","title":"Machine Learning-Based CSI Feedback With Variable Length in FDD Massive MIMO","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based CSI Feedback With Variable Length in FDD Massive MIMO","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312735976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3215104"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3215104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3215104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006803200","display_name":"Matteo Nerini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9855-5906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Nerini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056574896","display_name":"Valentina Rizzello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-3653"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Rizzello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professur f&#x00FC;r Methoden der Signalverarbeitung, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t M&#x00FC;nchen, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professur f&#x00FC;r Methoden der Signalverarbeitung, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t M&#x00FC;nchen, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064978816","display_name":"Michael Joham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-4121"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Joham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professur f&#x00FC;r Methoden der Signalverarbeitung, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t M&#x00FC;nchen, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professur f&#x00FC;r Methoden der Signalverarbeitung, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t M&#x00FC;nchen, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004140094","display_name":"Wolfgang Utschick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2871-4246"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Utschick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professur f&#x00FC;r Methoden der Signalverarbeitung, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t M&#x00FC;nchen, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professur f&#x00FC;r Methoden der Signalverarbeitung, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t M&#x00FC;nchen, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070530952","display_name":"Bruno Clerckx","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5949-6459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruno Clerckx","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006803200"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.57,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82862167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"2886","last_page":"2900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.8283493518829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.7828255891799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7609343528747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6504900455474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6395353078842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.5911067724227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5666556358337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5573168992996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5256727337837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5233699083328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duplex","display_name":"Duplex (building)","score":0.4739275574684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4587552547454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiefel-manifold","display_name":"Stiefel manifold","score":0.41153624653816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4043142795562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2712860107421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24720999598503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1575354039669037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15384230017662048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.8283493518829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.7828255891799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7609343528747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6504900455474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6395353078842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5911067724227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5666556358337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5573168992996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5256727337837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5233699083328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99611785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6453233","display_name":"Duplex (building)","level":3,"score":0.4739275574684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4587552547454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C612670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7616373","display_name":"Stiefel manifold","level":2,"score":0.41153624653816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4043142795562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2712860107421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24720999598503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1575354039669037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15384230017662048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3215104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3215104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3447969945","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2466854","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316831","display_name":"Futurewei Technologies","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1938636034","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2015301486","https://openalex.org/W2076457767","https://openalex.org/W2094655360","https://openalex.org/W2100548565","https://openalex.org/W2113271807","https://openalex.org/W2118553017","https://openalex.org/W2120549790","https://openalex.org/W2271871887","https://openalex.org/W2478708596","https://openalex.org/W2510191442","https://openalex.org/W2594639291","https://openalex.org/W2886124254","https://openalex.org/W2908955555","https://openalex.org/W2914338909","https://openalex.org/W2937643630","https://openalex.org/W2960246799","https://openalex.org/W2963145597","https://openalex.org/W2963836746","https://openalex.org/W2967981090","https://openalex.org/W2997936696","https://openalex.org/W3003689553","https://openalex.org/W3013594094","https://openalex.org/W3024777099","https://openalex.org/W3035528699","https://openalex.org/W3037818400","https://openalex.org/W3045262278","https://openalex.org/W3082062321","https://openalex.org/W3108804658","https://openalex.org/W3112756300","https://openalex.org/W3126373016","https://openalex.org/W3141696984","https://openalex.org/W3157774958","https://openalex.org/W3158675441","https://openalex.org/W3161666712","https://openalex.org/W3164665065","https://openalex.org/W3170956499","https://openalex.org/W3203258883","https://openalex.org/W3205718659","https://openalex.org/W3205811809","https://openalex.org/W3214727643","https://openalex.org/W4200632175","https://openalex.org/W4205806546","https://openalex.org/W4285597833","https://openalex.org/W6758391372","https://openalex.org/W6782355276","https://openalex.org/W6840259960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207918248","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2506626932","https://openalex.org/W2037755532","https://openalex.org/W2620095399","https://openalex.org/W1488668773","https://openalex.org/W2006021297","https://openalex.org/W4288602396","https://openalex.org/W2914555611","https://openalex.org/W4285192270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,112],"fully":[1],"unlock":[2],"the":[3,18,28,37,68,103,117,124,130,138,159,187],"benefits":[4],"of":[5,171],"multiple-input":[6],"multiple-output":[7],"(MIMO)":[8],"networks,":[9],"downlink":[10],"channel":[11,90,104],"state":[12],"information":[13],"(CSI)":[14],"is":[15,30,81,99,141,174,191],"required":[16],"at":[17],"base":[19],"station":[20],"(BS).":[21],"In":[22],"frequency":[23],"division":[24],"duplex":[25],"(FDD)":[26],"systems,":[27,57],"CSI":[29,69],"acquired":[31],"through":[32],"a":[33,63,106,181,194],"feedback":[34,86,118],"signal":[35],"from":[36],"user":[38],"equipment":[39],"(UE).":[40],"However,":[41],"this":[42,59,114],"may":[43],"lead":[44],"to":[45,66,74,84,101,123,167],"an":[46],"important":[47],"overhead":[48],"in":[49,58],"FDD":[50],"massive":[51],"MIMO":[52],"systems.":[53],"Focusing":[54],"on":[55],"these":[56],"study,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"novel":[64],"strategy":[65,72,157],"design":[67,76],"feedback.":[70],"Our":[71],"allows":[73],"optimally":[75],"variable":[77],"length":[78],"feedback,":[79],"that":[80,155],"promising":[82],"compared":[83,166],"fixed":[85],"since":[87],"users":[88],"experience":[89],"matrices":[91],"differently":[92],"sparse.":[93],"Specifically,":[94],"principal":[95],"component":[96],"analysis":[97],"(PCA)":[98],"used":[100],"compress":[102],"into":[105],"latent":[107,125],"space":[108,126],"with":[109,143],"adaptive":[110],"dimensionality.":[111],"quantize":[113],"compressed":[115],"channel,":[116],"bits":[119],"are":[120],"smartly":[121],"allocated":[122],"dimensions":[127],"by":[128,164,176,193],"minimizing":[129],"normalized":[131],"mean":[132],"squared":[133],"error":[134],"(NMSE)":[135],"distortion.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"quantization":[139],"codebook":[140],"determined":[142],"<inline-formula":[144],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[146],"<tex-math":[147],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$k$":[148],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[149],"-means":[150],"clustering.":[151],"Numerical":[152],"simulations":[153],"show":[154],"our":[156],"improves":[158],"zero-forcing":[160],"beamforming":[161],"sum":[162],"rate":[163],"17%,":[165],"CsiNetPro.":[168,205],"The":[169],"number":[170],"model":[172],"parameters":[173],"reduced":[175],"23.4":[177],"times,":[178],"thus":[179],"causing":[180],"significantly":[182],"smaller":[183],"offloading":[184],"overhead.":[185],"At":[186],"same":[188],"time,":[189],"PCA":[190],"characterized":[192],"lightweight":[195],"unsupervised":[196],"training,":[197],"requiring":[198],"eight":[199],"times":[200],"fewer":[201],"training":[202],"samples":[203],"than":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
