{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3002780776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3169900","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Blind mmWave MIMO Beam Alignment","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Blind mmWave MIMO Beam Alignment","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3002780776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3169900","mag":"3002780776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3169900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3169900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077545936","display_name":"Vishnu Raj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6939-8884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vishnu Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043597908","display_name":"Nancy Nayak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-6183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy Nayak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046290878","display_name":"Sheetal Kalyani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1530-0140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheetal Kalyani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077545936"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.561,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89577202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"10","first_page":"8772","last_page":"8785"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8227620124816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7397487759590149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6638909578323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6387648582458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6131076216697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5237262845039368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.49347221851348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4566141963005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.43673020601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.42235317826271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41854327917099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4178529381752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35365575551986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20238777995109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.18036961555480957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8227620124816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7397487759590149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6638909578323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6387648582458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6131076216697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5237262845039368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.49347221851348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4566141963005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.43673020601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.42235317826271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41854327917099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4178529381752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35365575551986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20238777995109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.18036961555480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3169900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3169900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504983838","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2074011868","https://openalex.org/W2106261932","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2157505738","https://openalex.org/W2165150801","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2342863993","https://openalex.org/W2577677465","https://openalex.org/W2614851539","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2737688805","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2889153869","https://openalex.org/W2897042325","https://openalex.org/W2905885786","https://openalex.org/W2909191390","https://openalex.org/W2914111477","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2946824801","https://openalex.org/W2955133642","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W2963190722","https://openalex.org/W2963408914","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964468371","https://openalex.org/W2966903005","https://openalex.org/W2969291058","https://openalex.org/W2970203070","https://openalex.org/W2972072389","https://openalex.org/W2972554461","https://openalex.org/W2982197112","https://openalex.org/W2992096220","https://openalex.org/W3004533659","https://openalex.org/W3006705564","https://openalex.org/W3007970939","https://openalex.org/W3008718568","https://openalex.org/W3013689226","https://openalex.org/W3014407784","https://openalex.org/W3027593020","https://openalex.org/W3037586895","https://openalex.org/W3039022110","https://openalex.org/W3083569984","https://openalex.org/W3098782124","https://openalex.org/W3101999018","https://openalex.org/W3108957811","https://openalex.org/W3127867641","https://openalex.org/W3133283993","https://openalex.org/W3162024770","https://openalex.org/W3170921304","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6684205842","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6764794194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138054539","https://openalex.org/W2519749077","https://openalex.org/W2097829106","https://openalex.org/W4311223068","https://openalex.org/W2968452826","https://openalex.org/W2577226178","https://openalex.org/W3047078259","https://openalex.org/W2292759272","https://openalex.org/W2607094287","https://openalex.org/W2782220813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Directional":[0],"beamforming":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,42,75,86,94,120],"crucial":[4],"component":[5],"for":[6],"realizing":[7],"robust":[8],"wireless":[9],"millimeter":[10],"wave":[11],"(mmWave)":[12],"communication":[13],"systems.":[14],"Beam":[15],"alignment":[16,29,45,69],"using":[17,70],"brute-force":[18],"search":[19],"introduces":[20],"time":[21],"overhead,":[22],"and":[23,99,102],"the":[24,35,49,55,60,109,115,128,132],"location":[25],"aided":[26],"blind":[27,43,67],"beam":[28,44,68],"adds":[30],"additional":[31],"hardware":[32],"requirements":[33],"to":[34,107,125],"system.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40],"propose":[41],"method":[46,117,134],"based":[47],"on":[48,74],"radio":[50],"frequency":[51],"(RF)":[52],"fingerprints":[53],"of":[54,96,123,131],"user":[56],"equipment":[57],"obtained":[58],"from":[59],"base":[61],"stations.":[62],"The":[63],"proposed":[64,116],"system":[65],"performs":[66],"deep":[71],"reinforcement":[72],"learning":[73],"multiple-base":[76],"station":[77],"cellular":[78],"environment":[79],"with":[80],"multiple":[81],"mobile":[82],"users.":[83],"We":[84],"present":[85],"novel":[87],"neural":[88],"network":[89],"architecture":[90],"that":[91,114],"can":[92,118],"handle":[93],"mix":[95],"both":[97],"continuous":[98],"discrete":[100],"actions":[101],"use":[103],"policy":[104],"gradient":[105],"methods":[106],"train":[108],"model.":[110],"Our":[111],"results":[112],"show":[113],"achieve":[119],"data":[121,129],"rate":[122,130],"up":[124],"four":[126],"times":[127],"traditional":[133],"without":[135],"any":[136],"overheads.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}