{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162302115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3166393","title":"Synergistic Benefits in IRS- and RS-Enabled C-RAN With Energy-Efficient Clustering","display_name":"Synergistic Benefits in IRS- and RS-Enabled C-RAN With Energy-Efficient Clustering","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162302115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3166393","mag":"3162302115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3166393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3166393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029675682","display_name":"Kevin Weinberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5686-4807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Weinberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020400954","display_name":"Alaa Alameer Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0764-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8659980","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/034e5n787","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763","https://openalex.org/I8659980"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Alameer Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Volkswagen Infotainment, Bochum, German"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen Infotainment, Bochum, German","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8659980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034269994","display_name":"Aydin Sezgin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3511-2662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin Sezgin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050480768","display_name":"Alessio Zappone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-939X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Zappone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy","Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029675682"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4977,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93197837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"10","first_page":"8459","last_page":"8475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7743207216262817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7539980411529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-ran","display_name":"C-RAN","score":0.6026954650878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5716745853424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5185083150863647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.48351171612739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.44212955236434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.40342041850090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34949350357055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3303108811378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.32829850912094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21583247184753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.17669489979743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13288703560829163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-station","display_name":"Mobile station","score":0.09869927167892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07565006613731384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7743207216262817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7539980411529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779765720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5005908","display_name":"C-RAN","level":5,"score":0.6026954650878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5716745853424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5185083150863647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.48351171612739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.44212955236434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.40342041850090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34949350357055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3303108811378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.32829850912094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21583247184753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.17669489979743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13288703560829163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.09869927167892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07565006613731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3166393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3166393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7572601406","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KIS1235, MetaSEC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519108428","https://openalex.org/W1928152501","https://openalex.org/W1967956032","https://openalex.org/W1968903020","https://openalex.org/W2004101329","https://openalex.org/W2007467629","https://openalex.org/W2068118751","https://openalex.org/W2105235982","https://openalex.org/W2121928412","https://openalex.org/W2131439304","https://openalex.org/W2134376819","https://openalex.org/W2155174176","https://openalex.org/W2213621529","https://openalex.org/W2293033173","https://openalex.org/W2327455150","https://openalex.org/W2332150434","https://openalex.org/W2534633768","https://openalex.org/W2589615107","https://openalex.org/W2735013959","https://openalex.org/W2745089406","https://openalex.org/W2787255587","https://openalex.org/W2887509927","https://openalex.org/W2889223163","https://openalex.org/W2891191577","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2962883294","https://openalex.org/W2963596873","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2971028424","https://openalex.org/W2999074226","https://openalex.org/W3017311957","https://openalex.org/W3021564798","https://openalex.org/W3021587675","https://openalex.org/W3025201198","https://openalex.org/W3036562336","https://openalex.org/W3037274483","https://openalex.org/W3044021186","https://openalex.org/W3044746003","https://openalex.org/W3044884376","https://openalex.org/W3047520221","https://openalex.org/W3092461741","https://openalex.org/W3098476189","https://openalex.org/W3098923418","https://openalex.org/W3103678203","https://openalex.org/W3103833233","https://openalex.org/W3109868471","https://openalex.org/W3131324807","https://openalex.org/W3190141966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592537445","https://openalex.org/W2117039245","https://openalex.org/W2497039592","https://openalex.org/W4287262510","https://openalex.org/W2436923341","https://openalex.org/W3138350675","https://openalex.org/W2902173727","https://openalex.org/W2064969374","https://openalex.org/W2885291556","https://openalex.org/W4205856738"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35],"potential":[1],"of":[2,18,38,75,92,100,123,170,179],"intelligent":[3],"reflecting":[4],"surfaces":[5],"(IRSs)":[6],"is":[7,69],"investigated":[8],"as":[9],"a":[10,83],"promising":[11],"technique":[12],"for":[13,110,120,158],"enhancing":[14],"the":[15,22,39,46,51,54,73,90,98,113,121,124,131,141,144,149,159,168,171,177,180,186,192,196],"energy":[16,197],"efficiency":[17,198],"wireless":[19],"networks.":[20],"Specifically,":[21],"IRS":[23,150],"enables":[24],"passive":[25],"beamsteering":[26],"by":[27,81,154],"employing":[28],"many":[29],"low-cost":[30],"individually":[31],"controllable":[32],"reflect":[33],"elements.":[34],"resulting":[36,187],"change":[37],"channel":[40],"state,":[41],"however,":[42],"not":[43],"only":[44],"increases":[45],"signal":[47],"quality":[48],"but":[49],"also":[50],"interference":[52],"at":[53,89],"users.":[55],"To":[56],"counteract":[57],"this":[58],"negative":[59],"side":[60],"effect,":[61],"we":[62],"employ":[63],"rate":[64],"splitting":[65],"(RS),":[66],"which":[67,96],"inherently":[68],"able":[70],"to":[71,104,118],"mitigate":[72],"impact":[74],"interference.":[76],"We":[77],"facilitate":[78],"practical":[79],"implementation":[80],"considering":[82],"Cloud":[84],"Radio":[85],"Access":[86],"Network":[87],"(C-RAN)":[88],"cost":[91],"finite":[93],"fronthaul-link":[94],"capacities,":[95],"necessitate":[97],"allocation":[99],"sensible":[101],"user-centric":[102],"clusters":[103],"ensure":[105],"energy-efficient":[106],"transmissions.":[107],"Dynamic":[108],"methods":[109,190],"RS":[111,133,139,182],"and":[112,140,148],"user":[114,146,173],"clustering":[115,147,174],"are":[116],"proposed":[117],"account":[119],"interdependencies":[122],"individual":[125,156],"techniques.":[126],"Numerical":[127],"results":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130],"dynamic":[132,145,160,172,181],"method":[134,183],"establishes":[135],"synergistic":[136],"benefits":[137],"between":[138],"IRS.":[142],"Additionally,":[143],"cooperate":[151],"synergistically,":[152],"reflected":[153],"increased":[155],"gains":[157],"clustering.":[161],"Interestingly,":[162],"with":[163],"an":[164],"increasing":[165],"fronthaul":[166],"capacity,":[167],"gain":[169,178],"decreases,":[175],"while":[176],"increases.":[184],"Around":[185],"intersection,":[188],"both":[189],"affect":[191],"system":[193],"concurrently,":[194],"improving":[195],"drastically.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}