{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3153722111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3162868","title":"Turning Channel Noise Into an Accelerator for Over-the-Air Principal Component Analysis","display_name":"Turning Channel Noise Into an Accelerator for Over-the-Air Principal Component Analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3153722111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3162868","mag":"3153722111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3162868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3162868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101879703","display_name":"Zezhong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-8327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zezhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","The Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii), The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii), The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004583148","display_name":"Guangxu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9532-9201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangxu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9532-9201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431342","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0044-8932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0044-8932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073153992","display_name":"Vincent K. N. Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7769-6008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent K. N. Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7769-6008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007131492","display_name":"Kaibin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-4629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaibin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-4629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94530562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"10","first_page":"7926","last_page":"7941"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.792041540145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.5234974026679993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.49057620763778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.4798857271671295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gradient-descent","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","score":0.460074245929718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4535163938999176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.4145539402961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.38263919949531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3716440498828888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35269367694854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.33056867122650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25223618745803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24923411011695862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18758222460746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.14037227630615234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.792041540145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.5234974026679993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.49057620763778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.4798857271671295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.460074245929718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4535163938999176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.4145539402961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.38263919949531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3716440498828888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35269367694854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33056867122650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25223618745803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24923411011695862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18758222460746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.14037227630615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3162868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3162868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-117448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS&KeyUT=000866499900010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-117448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-117448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2367108652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019B1515130003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2669010058","display_name":"Ultra-Fast Over-the-Air Computation for Edge Machine Learning in the Mobile Internet","funder_award_id":"GHP/016/18GD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326427","funder_display_name":"Innovation and Technology Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G517546600","display_name":"Radio Resource Management for Machine Learning on the Edge","funder_award_id":"17208319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5467295468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20200109141414409","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5502925390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001310","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5765647807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1800800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6441808877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7841703941","display_name":"Designing Analog Beamforming for Massive MIMO Communications over Millimeter-Wave Channels","funder_award_id":"17209917","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326427","display_name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025556077","https://openalex.org/W2050583479","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2133515443","https://openalex.org/W2146474141","https://openalex.org/W2270314036","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2861117319","https://openalex.org/W2883059862","https://openalex.org/W2956769534","https://openalex.org/W2963092340","https://openalex.org/W2964106499","https://openalex.org/W2975156709","https://openalex.org/W2979495156","https://openalex.org/W2981138228","https://openalex.org/W2982674132","https://openalex.org/W2999074226","https://openalex.org/W3006919779","https://openalex.org/W3009761022","https://openalex.org/W3015636663","https://openalex.org/W3033664100","https://openalex.org/W3036276779","https://openalex.org/W3037412198","https://openalex.org/W3037582816","https://openalex.org/W3041708486","https://openalex.org/W3090615085","https://openalex.org/W3101791281","https://openalex.org/W3108590825","https://openalex.org/W3109847748","https://openalex.org/W3111192549","https://openalex.org/W3126184779","https://openalex.org/W3138364951","https://openalex.org/W3174661481","https://openalex.org/W3175518614","https://openalex.org/W3178176830","https://openalex.org/W3193505445","https://openalex.org/W4307347247","https://openalex.org/W6637461557","https://openalex.org/W6674733807","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6734280532","https://openalex.org/W6779075871","https://openalex.org/W6779228417","https://openalex.org/W6798202355"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327053383","https://openalex.org/W2356834760","https://openalex.org/W1964600846","https://openalex.org/W2127563499","https://openalex.org/W2120897947","https://openalex.org/W2030191005","https://openalex.org/W1865172210","https://openalex.org/W2027568561","https://openalex.org/W2790025453","https://openalex.org/W1521521035"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,52,88,123,203,223],"enormous":[1],"data":[2,26,46,58],"distributed":[3,21,47,57,76],"at":[4],"the":[5,14,17,40,49,66,91,94,120,155,161,164,171,206,215,240,247,250,262,267,287,293],"network":[6,50,81],"edge":[7],"and":[8,24,60,110,192,201,214,225,260],"ubiquitous":[9],"connectivity":[10],"have":[11],"led":[12],"to":[13,72,101,115,134,229,239,265,282],"emergence":[15],"of":[16,20,44,68,75,93,97,105,126,129,163,178,209,221,242,296],"new":[18],"paradigm":[19],"machine":[22],"learning":[23,71],"large-scale":[25],"analytics.":[27],"Distributed":[28],"principal":[29],"component":[30],"analysis":[31],"(PCA)":[32],"concerns":[33],"finding":[34],"a":[35,79,83,98,116,142,159],"low-dimensional":[36],"subspace":[37,53,107],"that":[38],"contains":[39],"most":[41],"important":[42],"information":[43],"high-dimensional":[45],"over":[48],"edge.":[51],"is":[54,139,167,280],"useful":[55],"for":[56,144,189,234],"compression":[59],"feature":[61],"extraction.":[62],"This":[63],"work":[64],"advocates":[65],"application":[67],"over-the-air":[69,103,197],"federated":[70],"efficient":[73],"implementation":[74],"PCA":[77],"in":[78,154,175,211,218,253,269,292],"wireless":[80,190],"under":[82],"data-privacy":[84],"constraint,":[85],"termed":[86],"AirPCA.":[87],"design":[89],"features":[90],"exploitation":[92],"waveform-superposition":[95],"property":[96],"multi-access":[99,121],"channel":[100,199],"realize":[102],"aggregation":[104],"local":[106],"updates":[108],"computed":[109],"simultaneously":[111],"transmitted":[112],"by":[113,187,256],"devices":[114],"server,":[117],"thereby":[118],"reducing":[119,257],"latency.":[122],"original":[124],"drawback":[125],"this":[127],"class":[128],"techniques,":[130],"namely":[131],"channel-noise":[132],"perturbation":[133],"uncoded":[135],"analog":[136],"modulated":[137],"signals,":[138],"turned":[140],"into":[141],"mechanism":[143],"escaping":[145],"from":[146],"saddle":[147,212,254],"points":[148],"during":[149],"stochastic":[150],"gradient":[151],"descent":[152,173,179,244],"(SGD)":[153],"AirPCA":[156,165],"algorithm.":[157],"As":[158],"result,":[160],"convergence":[162,284,289],"algorithm":[166],"accelerated.":[168],"To":[169],"materialize":[170],"idea,":[172],"speeds":[174],"different":[176],"types":[177,220],"regions":[180,213,255],"are":[181,227],"analyzed":[182],"mathematically":[183],"using":[184,274],"martingale":[185],"theory":[186],"accounting":[188],"propagation":[191],"techniques":[193],"including":[194],"broadband":[195],"transmission,":[196],"aggregation,":[198],"fading":[200],"noise.":[202],"results":[204,226],"reveal":[205],"accelerating":[207],"effect":[208,217,252,268],"noise":[210,251],"opposite":[216],"other":[219,270],"regions.":[222,271],"insight":[224],"applied":[228],"designing":[230],"an":[231],"online":[232],"scheme":[233,248],"adapting":[235],"receive":[236],"signal":[237,258],"power":[238,259,263,278],"type":[241],"current":[243],"region.":[245],"Specifically,":[246],"amplifies":[249],"applies":[261],"savings":[264],"suppressing":[266],"From":[272],"experiments":[273],"real":[275],"datasets,":[276],"such":[277],"control":[279],"found":[281],"accelerate":[283],"while":[285],"achieving":[286],"same":[288],"accuracy":[290],"as":[291],"ideal":[294],"case":[295],"centralized":[297],"PCA.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
