{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225921078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3161457","title":"GPS First Path Detection Network Based on MLP-Mixers","display_name":"GPS First Path Detection Network Based on MLP-Mixers","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225921078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3161457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3161457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3161457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073091471","display_name":"Seung-Hyun Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4753-1998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Hyun Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCS Graduate School of Green Transportation, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4753-1998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCS Graduate School of Green Transportation, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088333058","display_name":"Sangjae Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4836-9873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangjae Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCS Graduate School of Green Transportation, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4836-9873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCS Graduate School of Green Transportation, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005925123","display_name":"Euiho Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6501-9330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Euiho Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and System Design Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6501-9330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and System Design Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2112,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74604349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"7764","last_page":"7777"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7906975150108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.654985249042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6490778923034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6124563217163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5765936374664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocorrelation","display_name":"Autocorrelation","score":0.4869726598262787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4422478675842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38202279806137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36895596981048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.33031192421913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24858993291854858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21668529510498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.16435736417770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08411344885826111}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7906975150108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.654985249042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6490778923034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6124563217163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5765936374664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.4869726598262787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4422478675842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38202279806137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36895596981048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.33031192421913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24858993291854858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21668529510498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.16435736417770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08411344885826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3161457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3161457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1675641074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2C3008370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11121682","https://openalex.org/W65854435","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1553533267","https://openalex.org/W1671657480","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2010942717","https://openalex.org/W2076647596","https://openalex.org/W2101374845","https://openalex.org/W2103261682","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2122956291","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2129146654","https://openalex.org/W2132174333","https://openalex.org/W2139150292","https://openalex.org/W2139855231","https://openalex.org/W2141832450","https://openalex.org/W2143729023","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2148489082","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2161623414","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2897320536","https://openalex.org/W2906113915","https://openalex.org/W2950350592","https://openalex.org/W2970648063","https://openalex.org/W2972163396","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3099074725","https://openalex.org/W3157506437","https://openalex.org/W4214711733","https://openalex.org/W6601307900","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6674382801","https://openalex.org/W6681822247","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6763868703","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6795140394"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052432379","https://openalex.org/W3117915744","https://openalex.org/W768388283","https://openalex.org/W3106489079","https://openalex.org/W3130617165","https://openalex.org/W3152346615","https://openalex.org/W2666575540","https://openalex.org/W2465458017","https://openalex.org/W2770110807","https://openalex.org/W4248597968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BPSK":[0],"modulated":[1],"GPS":[2,24,36],"L1":[3,25],"CA":[4,26],"signal":[5,12,109],"is":[6,28,77,83,105],"the":[7,16,22,29,57,61,74,98,115,118,153,159,166],"most":[8,30],"widely":[9,137],"used":[10,138],"GNSS":[11],"to":[13,33,55,85,121],"date,":[14],"and":[15,87,135,144,148,169],"first":[17,58],"path":[18,59],"detection":[19],"(FPD)":[20],"of":[21,100,117,123,158,165,174],"conventional":[23,108,125],"signals":[27],"challenging":[31],"problem":[32],"ensure":[34],"reliable":[35],"positioning":[37],"in":[38,79,163],"multipath":[39],"environments.":[40],"In":[41,72],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"an":[46],"FPD":[47,91,111,161],"network":[48],"(FPDN)":[49],"based":[50,130],"on":[51,97,131],"multi-layer":[52],"perceptron":[53],"(MLP)-Mixer":[54],"extract":[56],"from":[60],"discrete":[62],"autocorrelation":[63],"function":[64],"(ACF)":[65],"output":[66],"accurately":[67],"with":[68],"low":[69],"computational":[70,167],"cost.":[71],"addition,":[73],"proposed":[75,119,154],"FPDN":[76,120,155],"useful":[78],"practice":[80],"because":[81],"it":[82],"robust":[84],"noise":[86],"achieves":[88],"a":[89],"high":[90],"performance":[92,116],"without":[93],"any":[94],"prior":[95],"assumption":[96],"number":[99],"total":[101],"incoming":[102],"multipath,":[103],"which":[104],"required":[106],"for":[107,171],"processing-based":[110],"techniques.":[112],"We":[113],"compare":[114],"that":[122],"diverse":[124],"techniques,":[126],"such":[127,140],"as":[128,141],"techniques":[129,162],"narrow":[132],"correlator,":[133],"super-resolution,":[134],"some":[136],"CNNs":[139],"VGGNet,":[142],"ResNet,":[143],"U-Net,":[145],"through":[146],"simulations":[147],"field":[149],"tests.":[150],"As":[151],"demonstrated,":[152],"outperforms":[156],"all":[157],"compared":[160],"terms":[164],"cost":[168],"accuracy":[170],"wide":[172],"range":[173],"carrier-to-noise":[175],"(C/N0)":[176],"ratios.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}