{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214866088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3153316","title":"Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Task Offloading in UAV-Assisted Mobile Edge Computing","display_name":"Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Task Offloading in UAV-Assisted Mobile Edge Computing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214866088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3153316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3153316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3153316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Multi-Agent_Deep_Reinforcement_Learning_for_Task_Offloading_in_UAV-Assisted_Mobile_Edge_Computing/24221200","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102742253","display_name":"Nan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-5684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-5684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006016407","display_name":"Zhiyang Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyang Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060380113","display_name":"Yiyang Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9915-8697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyang Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9915-8697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007832415","display_name":"Ying\u2010Chang Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2671-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying-Chang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Networking and Communications (CINC), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2671-5090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Networking and Communications (CINC), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":207.9339,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":415,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99994824,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"6949","last_page":"6960"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8768554925918579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8277878761291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.7517446279525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.74971604347229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.7207093238830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6359036564826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.6238917112350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.526219367980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.45335614681243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.44844019412994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.43201354146003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.391731321811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.34592610597610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.30625003576278687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2682156562805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19156372547149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08295676112174988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8768554925918579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8277878761291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.7517446279525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.74971604347229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.7207093238830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6359036564826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6238917112350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.526219367980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.45335614681243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.44844019412994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43201354146003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.391731321811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.34592610597610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.30625003576278687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2682156562805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19156372547149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08295676112174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3153316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3153316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24221200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Multi-Agent_Deep_Reinforcement_Learning_for_Task_Offloading_in_UAV-Assisted_Mobile_Edge_Computing/24221200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402621","display_name":"INDIGO (University of Illinois at Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24221200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Multi-Agent_Deep_Reinforcement_Learning_for_Task_Offloading_in_UAV-Assisted_Mobile_Edge_Computing/24221200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402621","display_name":"INDIGO (University of Illinois at Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1418244083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1801261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480544854","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3738287161","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1801105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4517290006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B20064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335785","funder_display_name":"Project 211"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335785","display_name":"Project 211","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131959252","https://openalex.org/W2516316490","https://openalex.org/W2787938642","https://openalex.org/W2891666821","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2907086092","https://openalex.org/W2951054802","https://openalex.org/W2962732150","https://openalex.org/W2963615009","https://openalex.org/W2963907541","https://openalex.org/W2968782695","https://openalex.org/W2972503844","https://openalex.org/W2980799672","https://openalex.org/W2987623830","https://openalex.org/W2999225051","https://openalex.org/W3002033136","https://openalex.org/W3013960924","https://openalex.org/W3045518003","https://openalex.org/W3069042888","https://openalex.org/W3089147436","https://openalex.org/W3090573937","https://openalex.org/W3093906508","https://openalex.org/W3105649577","https://openalex.org/W3113610247","https://openalex.org/W3113682412","https://openalex.org/W3120923500","https://openalex.org/W3127779718","https://openalex.org/W3128189281","https://openalex.org/W3130574574","https://openalex.org/W3131765381","https://openalex.org/W3140381130","https://openalex.org/W3140453182","https://openalex.org/W3145159167","https://openalex.org/W3153837211","https://openalex.org/W4302570325","https://openalex.org/W6684205842","https://openalex.org/W6748839928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W3014317926","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2796352555"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"edge":[1,44,64,127],"computing":[2,65,128],"can":[3,179],"effectively":[4],"reduce":[5],"service":[6,10],"latency":[7],"and":[8,31,56,70,91,102,140],"improve":[9],"quality":[11],"by":[12,94],"offloading":[13,80,177],"computation-intensive":[14],"tasks":[15],"to":[16,23,84,109],"the":[17,24,53,86,97,111,123,132,153,158,185],"edges":[18],"of":[19,26,59,88,106,135],"wireless":[20,33],"networks.":[21],"Due":[22],"characteristic":[25],"flexible":[27],"deployment,":[28],"wide":[29],"coverage":[30],"reliable":[32],"communication,":[34],"unmanned":[35],"aerial":[36],"vehicles":[37],"(UAVs)":[38],"have":[39],"been":[40],"employed":[41],"as":[42],"assisted":[43,125],"clouds":[45],"(ECs)":[46],"for":[47,122],"large-scale":[48],"sparely-distributed":[49],"user":[50],"equipment.":[51],"Considering":[52,152],"limited":[54],"computation":[55,99],"energy":[57,92],"capacities":[58],"UAVs,":[60],"a":[61,116,143],"collaborative":[62],"mobile":[63,126],"system":[66],"with":[67,184],"multiple":[68,71],"UAVs":[69],"ECs":[72],"is":[73,82,120,150,166],"investigated":[74],"in":[75],"this":[76],"paper.":[77],"The":[78,168],"task":[79,100,138,176],"issue":[81],"addressed":[83],"minimize":[85],"sum":[87],"execution":[89],"delays":[90],"consumptions":[93],"jointly":[95],"designing":[96],"trajectories,":[98],"allocation,":[101,139],"communication":[103],"resource":[104],"management":[105],"UAVs.":[107],"Moreover,":[108],"solve":[110],"above":[112],"non-convex":[113],"optimization":[114,187],"problem,":[115],"Markov":[117],"decision":[118],"process":[119],"formulated":[121],"multi-UAV":[124,174],"system.":[129],"To":[130],"obtain":[131],"joint":[133],"strategy":[134],"trajectory":[136],"design,":[137],"power":[141],"management,":[142],"cooperative":[144],"multi-agent":[145],"deep":[146,161],"reinforcement":[147],"learning":[148],"framework":[149],"investigated.":[151],"high-dimensional":[154],"continuous":[155],"action":[156],"space,":[157],"twin":[159],"delayed":[160],"deterministic":[162],"policy":[163],"gradient":[164],"algorithm":[165],"exploited.":[167],"evaluation":[169],"results":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"that":[172],"our":[173],"multi-EC":[175],"method":[178],"achieve":[180],"better":[181],"performance":[182],"compared":[183],"other":[186],"approaches.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":141},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":137},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}