{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205360153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3139611","title":"Element-Grouping Intelligent Reflecting Surface: Electromagnetic-Compliant Model and Geometry-Based Optimization","display_name":"Element-Grouping Intelligent Reflecting Surface: Electromagnetic-Compliant Model and Geometry-Based Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205360153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3139611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3139611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3139611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056834763","display_name":"Zhuang Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8788-3034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuang Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8788-3034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392219","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-9075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-9075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101838692","display_name":"Qian Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7786-3336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7786-3336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024046434","display_name":"Caijun Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9960-7800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caijun Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9960-7800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020176984","display_name":"Xinhua Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-3783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhua Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012672064","display_name":"Zhizhen Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-0115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhizhen Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.875156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"7","first_page":"5362","last_page":"5376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9575999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6127284169197083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6116805672645569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5327482223510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4894968271255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.46946847438812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.45630162954330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4342581629753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.4322070777416229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.417649507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.377760112285614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34112411737442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.2983158826828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2670111656188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18074268102645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14123257994651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1126050353050232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6127284169197083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6116805672645569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5327482223510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4894968271255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.46946847438812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.45630162954330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4342581629753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.4322070777416229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.417649507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.377760112285614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34112411737442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2983158826828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2670111656188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18074268102645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14123257994651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1126050353050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3139611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3139611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4763481513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LD21F010001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6610172906","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8162852627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1801104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972914662","https://openalex.org/W2097219334","https://openalex.org/W2101306480","https://openalex.org/W2121607567","https://openalex.org/W2160065557","https://openalex.org/W2161058790","https://openalex.org/W2330146299","https://openalex.org/W2530930017","https://openalex.org/W2564147886","https://openalex.org/W2621173464","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2971912794","https://openalex.org/W2981792785","https://openalex.org/W2984937369","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W2996313530","https://openalex.org/W3008356568","https://openalex.org/W3011747750","https://openalex.org/W3017150380","https://openalex.org/W3028703596","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3040433108","https://openalex.org/W3047281806","https://openalex.org/W3081661410","https://openalex.org/W3094619726","https://openalex.org/W3103991536","https://openalex.org/W3104300639","https://openalex.org/W3115103619","https://openalex.org/W3120434479","https://openalex.org/W3131826124","https://openalex.org/W3146827687","https://openalex.org/W3160443215","https://openalex.org/W3167683018","https://openalex.org/W3184496427","https://openalex.org/W3194854077","https://openalex.org/W3194940985","https://openalex.org/W3196897972","https://openalex.org/W4226029525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371168111","https://openalex.org/W2494809169","https://openalex.org/W1576035430","https://openalex.org/W2390392971","https://openalex.org/W3040437776","https://openalex.org/W2742790284","https://openalex.org/W2043940045","https://openalex.org/W2772203032","https://openalex.org/W4297027533","https://openalex.org/W2016528332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"reflecting":[1],"surface":[2],"(IRS)":[3],"is":[4,43,122],"a":[5,25,61,104,144,157,175],"promising":[6],"solution":[7],"for":[8,67,97],"enabling":[9],"the":[10,38,84,88,99,111,128,132,151,154,162,165,170,182,198,203],"control":[11,178],"of":[12,16,24,28,34,53,153,164,186],"wireless":[13,117],"environments.":[14],"Most":[15],"existing":[17],"works":[18],"consider":[19],"that":[20,191],"an":[21,115],"IRS":[22,100],"consists":[23],"large":[26],"number":[27],"reconfigurable":[29],"passive":[30],"elements":[31],"and":[32,45,87],"each":[33,78],"them":[35],"can":[36],"reflect":[37],"signal":[39],"independently.":[40],"However,":[41],"it":[42,137],"difficult":[44,123],"costly":[46],"in":[47,114,131,156],"practice":[48],"to":[49,109,124,127,160,180,202],"manufacture":[50],"this":[51,57,82,120],"kind":[52],"large-scale":[54],"IRS.":[55,187],"In":[56],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,135,149,173],"propose":[60,174],"practical":[62,133],"electromagnetic-compliant":[63],"reflection":[64,85],"coefficient":[65],"model":[66],"element-grouping":[68],"IRS,":[69],"which":[70,93],"configures":[71],"eachsub-surface(including":[72],"multiple":[73],"homogeneous":[74],"elements)":[75],"but":[76],"not":[77],"single":[79],"element.":[80],"Under":[81],"model,":[83,134,148],"amplitude":[86],"phase":[89,105,146,177,184],"shift":[90,106],"are":[91,195],"coupled,":[92],"brings":[94],"new":[95],"challenges":[96],"optimizing":[98],"configuration.":[101],"We":[102],"study":[103],"optimization":[107],"problem":[108,121],"maximize":[110,161],"received":[112],"power":[113],"IRS-aided":[116],"system.":[118],"As":[119],"solve":[125],"due":[126],"complicated":[129],"coupling":[130],"transform":[136],"into":[138],"avector":[139],"compositionproblem":[140],"equivalently.":[141],"By":[142,168],"constructing":[143],"geometry-based":[145],"analysis":[147],"analyze":[150],"relationship":[152],"vectors":[155],"two-dimensional":[158],"space":[159],"length":[163],"sum":[166],"vector.":[167],"exploiting":[169],"geometrical":[171],"properties,":[172],"low-complexity":[176],"algorithm":[179,200],"find":[181],"optimal":[183],"shifts":[185],"Simulation":[188],"results":[189],"reveal":[190],"substantial":[192],"performance":[193],"gains":[194],"achieved":[196],"by":[197],"proposed":[199],"compared":[201],"conventional":[204],"schemes.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
