{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213225772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3126384","title":"Communicating With Extremely Large-Scale Array/Surface: Unified Modeling and Performance Analysis","display_name":"Communicating With Extremely Large-Scale Array/Surface: Unified Modeling and Performance Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213225772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3126384","mag":"3213225772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3126384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3126384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067949963","display_name":"Haiquan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3897-9950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiquan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3897-9950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082336235","display_name":"Yong Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-0434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-0434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":178.0887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":256,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9998572,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"6","first_page":"4039","last_page":"4053"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6656690835952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.5175437331199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-processing","display_name":"Array processing","score":0.5145061016082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5013151168823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4398342967033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.42255210876464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4217883348464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.3867141604423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3689126968383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.35473382472991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27513736486434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2055625319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1892525851726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.16139382123947144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6656690835952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.5175437331199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778545087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4795883","display_name":"Array processing","level":4,"score":0.5145061016082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5013151168823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4398342967033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.42255210876464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4217883348464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3867141604423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3689126968383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.35473382472991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27513736486434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2055625319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1892525851726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.16139382123947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3126384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3126384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6684958205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3204002004A2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7238088061","display_name":"\u667a\u80fd\u7f51\u8054\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u4e09\u7ef4\u7a7a\u95f4\u901a\u4fe1\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7967913303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB1803400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1563514322","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W1982686915","https://openalex.org/W2078352566","https://openalex.org/W2096927504","https://openalex.org/W2097981690","https://openalex.org/W2103472722","https://openalex.org/W2124164696","https://openalex.org/W2124175354","https://openalex.org/W2145245010","https://openalex.org/W2294775169","https://openalex.org/W2617211273","https://openalex.org/W2622044750","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2895542254","https://openalex.org/W2938669437","https://openalex.org/W2952066149","https://openalex.org/W2963673880","https://openalex.org/W2971300372","https://openalex.org/W2975158636","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2984937369","https://openalex.org/W2997786076","https://openalex.org/W3006557588","https://openalex.org/W3013035938","https://openalex.org/W3034448035","https://openalex.org/W3034737405","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3043119790","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3072069827","https://openalex.org/W3084857938","https://openalex.org/W3098758812","https://openalex.org/W3099769502","https://openalex.org/W3104300639","https://openalex.org/W3118514023","https://openalex.org/W3120342094","https://openalex.org/W3120586454","https://openalex.org/W3120822682","https://openalex.org/W3127940641","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3155110107","https://openalex.org/W3171293120","https://openalex.org/W3192219671","https://openalex.org/W3201861013","https://openalex.org/W4389626908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134293600","https://openalex.org/W2383442375","https://openalex.org/W1506275581","https://openalex.org/W2363346776","https://openalex.org/W4239554624","https://openalex.org/W2386148311","https://openalex.org/W4299639588","https://openalex.org/W336214589","https://openalex.org/W3206310269","https://openalex.org/W1977676184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"communications":[1,330],"with":[2,120,139,156,162,169,336],"extremely":[3],"large-scale":[4],"array":[5,53,102,196,208,306],"(XL-array)":[6],"correspond":[7],"to":[8,281,287,321],"systems":[9],"whose":[10],"antenna":[11,73,141],"sizes":[12,193],"are":[13,27,238,319],"so":[14],"large":[15],"that":[16,50,87,134,256],"conventional":[17,47,151],"modeling":[18,36,48,68,264,327],"assumptions,":[19],"such":[20,182],"as":[21,55,149,183,265,312],"uniform":[22],"plane":[23],"wave":[24],"(UPW)":[25],"impingement,":[26],"no":[28],"longer":[29],"valid.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"studies":[33],"the":[34,46,52,70,76,92,108,115,121,140,154,157,176,180,184,191,195,203,206,220,226,242,247,261,273,279,289,301,323,333],"mathematical":[35],"and":[37,75,98,190,230,249],"performance":[38],"analysis":[39],"of":[40,94,114,136,179,194,202,205,225,275,309,325],"XL-array":[41,329],"communications.":[42],"By":[43],"deviating":[44],"from":[45],"approach":[49],"treats":[51],"elements":[54,103],"sizeless":[56],"points,":[57],"we":[58,212,253],"explicitly":[59],"model":[60,86,160,335],"their":[61],"physical":[62,192],"area/aperture,":[63],"which":[64,172,237,299],"enables":[65],"a":[66,83,111,266,283],"unified":[67],"for":[69,219,313,328],"classical":[71,290],"discrete":[72],"arrays":[74],"emerging":[77],"active":[78],"continuous":[79],"surfaces.":[80],"As":[81],"such,":[82],"generic":[84,159],"array/surface":[85,248],"accurately":[88],"takes":[89],"into":[90],"account":[91],"variations":[93,304,311],"signal":[95,302],"phase,":[96],"amplitude":[97],"projected":[99],"aperture":[100],"across":[101,305],"is":[104,129,173,278],"proposed.":[105],"Based":[106],"on":[107],"proposed":[109,334],"model,":[110],"closed-form":[112],"expression":[113,132,218],"resulting":[116],"signal-to-noise":[117],"ratio":[118,125],"(SNR)":[119],"optimal":[122,221],"single-user":[123],"maximum":[124],"combining/transmission":[126],"(MRC/MRT)":[127],"beamforming":[128],"derived.":[130],"The":[131],"reveals":[133],"instead":[135,308],"scaling":[137],"linearly":[138],"number":[142],"<inline-formula":[143,163],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[144,164,186,228,232,295],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[145,165],"<tex-math":[146,166],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$M$":[147,167],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[148,168],"in":[150,223],"UPW":[152,263],"modeling,":[153],"SNR":[155,222],"more":[158],"increases":[161],"diminishing":[170],"return,":[171],"governed":[174],"by":[175,241,246,331],"collective":[177],"properties":[178,204],"array,":[181],"<italic":[185,227,231,294],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">array":[187],"occupation":[188],"ratio</i>":[189],"along":[197],"each":[198],"dimension,":[199],"while":[200],"irrespective":[201],"individual":[207],"element.":[209],"In":[210],"addition,":[211],"have":[213],"derived":[214,258],"an":[215],"alternative":[216],"insightful":[217],"terms":[224],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">vertical</i>":[229],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">horizontal":[233],"angular":[234],"spans</i>":[235],",":[236],"fully":[239],"determined":[240],"geometric":[243],"angles":[244],"formed":[245],"user":[250],"location.":[251],"Furthermore,":[252],"also":[254],"show":[255],"our":[257],"results":[259,318],"include":[260],"far-field":[262,276],"special":[267],"case.":[268],"One":[269],"important":[270],"finding":[271],"during":[272],"study":[274],"approximation":[277],"necessity":[280,324],"introduce":[282],"new":[284],"distance":[285],"criterion":[286],"complement":[288],"Rayleigh":[291,314],"distance,":[292],"termed":[293],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">uniform-power":[296],"distance</i>":[297],"(UPD),":[298],"concerns":[300],"amplitude/power":[303],"elements,":[307],"phase":[310],"distance.":[315],"Extensive":[316],"numerical":[317],"provided":[320],"demonstrate":[322],"proper":[326],"comparing":[332],"various":[337],"benchmark":[338],"models.":[339]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-25T08:15:23.626066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}