{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093419160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3105641","title":"Characterizing the First-Arriving Multipath Component in 5G Millimeter Wave Networks: TOA, AOA, and Non-Line-of-Sight Bias","display_name":"Characterizing the First-Arriving Multipath Component in 5G Millimeter Wave Networks: TOA, AOA, and Non-Line-of-Sight Bias","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093419160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3105641","mag":"3093419160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3105641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3105641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.09282","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015188657","display_name":"Christopher E. O'Lone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4411-3376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher E. O'Lone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wireless&#x0040;VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","[Wireless@VT in the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wireless&#x0040;VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Wireless@VT in the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064063671","display_name":"Harpreet S. Dhillon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2829-9449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harpreet S. Dhillon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wireless&#x0040;VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","[Wireless@VT in the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wireless&#x0040;VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Wireless@VT in the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052487611","display_name":"R. Michael Buehrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7196-1154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Michael Buehrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wireless&#x0040;VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","[Wireless@VT in the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wireless&#x0040;VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Wireless@VT in the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015188657"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00265935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"1602","last_page":"1620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.9708598852157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.731302797794342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.671348512172699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.5596557855606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5054712295532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.5041521787643433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47139671444892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4581969380378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.44990405440330505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-of-sight","display_name":"Line-of-sight","score":0.4264286458492279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay-spread","display_name":"Delay spread","score":0.4126984477043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.35407137870788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26211872696876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2618194818496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2527291476726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2430201768875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2365022897720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15104013681411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.11698824167251587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9708598852157593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.731302797794342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.671348512172699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.5596557855606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5054712295532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5041521787643433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47139671444892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4581969380378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.44990405440330505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553027","display_name":"Line-of-sight","level":2,"score":0.4264286458492279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49456836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q666814","display_name":"Delay spread","level":4,"score":0.4126984477043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.35407137870788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26211872696876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2618194818496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2527291476726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2430201768875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2365022897720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15104013681411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.11698824167251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3105641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3105641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.09282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.09282","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.09282","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3093419160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2010.09282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.09282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.09282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.09282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.09282","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.09282","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7570832660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1731711","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525082254","https://openalex.org/W1965654473","https://openalex.org/W2007750008","https://openalex.org/W2028707555","https://openalex.org/W2073252511","https://openalex.org/W2095705027","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2099199903","https://openalex.org/W2100123768","https://openalex.org/W2125440076","https://openalex.org/W2125777976","https://openalex.org/W2138069220","https://openalex.org/W2138114662","https://openalex.org/W2154029318","https://openalex.org/W2164521751","https://openalex.org/W2169761894","https://openalex.org/W2368600038","https://openalex.org/W2374527270","https://openalex.org/W2463747392","https://openalex.org/W2582197964","https://openalex.org/W2593030779","https://openalex.org/W2598778432","https://openalex.org/W2741097152","https://openalex.org/W2897315720","https://openalex.org/W2922405712","https://openalex.org/W2963322519","https://openalex.org/W2963363746","https://openalex.org/W2963990797","https://openalex.org/W2974882103","https://openalex.org/W2979441569","https://openalex.org/W2989042483","https://openalex.org/W3010131556","https://openalex.org/W3010349995","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4244323842","https://openalex.org/W6732655048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3089197338","https://openalex.org/W2362070393","https://openalex.org/W2376406870","https://openalex.org/W2137160836","https://openalex.org/W2356639059","https://openalex.org/W3205172395","https://openalex.org/W2212524350","https://openalex.org/W2344988430","https://openalex.org/W2141811947","https://openalex.org/W2057395209","https://openalex.org/W2185187882","https://openalex.org/W1510067995","https://openalex.org/W2945962919","https://openalex.org/W2765890818","https://openalex.org/W1501003710","https://openalex.org/W2005685324","https://openalex.org/W2071183117","https://openalex.org/W1973797969","https://openalex.org/W1993570958","https://openalex.org/W3205945638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,125,158],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,60],"stochastic":[4,58],"geometry-based":[5],"analysis":[6],"of":[7,25,74,107,119,148,196],"propagation":[8,84],"statistics":[9,34],"for":[10,50,152],"5G":[11],"millimeter":[12],"wave":[13],"(mm-wave)":[14],"cellular.":[15],"In":[16],"particular,":[17],"the":[18,26,68,105,108,120,132,138,145,149,176,193,197,211,216,222],"time-of-arrival":[19],"(TOA)":[20],"and":[21,47,72,96,170,213],"angle-of-arrival":[22],"(AOA)":[23],"distributions":[24],"first-arriving":[27,121,150,198],"multipath":[28],"component":[29],"(MPC)":[30],"are":[31],"derived.":[32,124],"These":[33],"find":[35],"their":[36],"utility":[37],"in":[38,137,175],"many":[39],"applications":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"cellular-based":[43],"localization,":[44],"channel":[45],"modeling,":[46],"link":[48],"establishment":[49],"mm-wave":[51],"initial":[52],"access":[53],"(IA).":[54],"Leveraging":[55],"tools":[56],"from":[57],"geometry,":[59],"Boolean":[61,223],"model":[62],"is":[63,85,123,127,142,160,200],"used":[64,129],"to":[65,87,130,162],"statistically":[66],"characterize":[67],"random":[69],"locations,":[70],"orientations,":[71],"sizes":[73],"reflectors,":[75],"<italic":[76,90,112],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[77,91,113],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i.e.</i>":[78,92,114],",":[79,93,115],"buildings.":[80],"Assuming":[81],"non-line-of-sight":[82],"(NLOS)":[83],"due":[86],"first-order":[88],"(":[89,111],"single-bounce)":[94],"reflections,":[95,104],"that":[97,141],"reflectors":[98],"can":[99],"either":[100],"facilitate":[101],"or":[102,185],"block":[103],"distribution":[106,136,159,195,219],"path":[109],"length":[110],"absolute":[116,146],"time":[117],"delay)":[118],"MPC":[122,151,199],"result":[126],"then":[128],"obtain":[131],"first":[133,217],"NLOS":[134,172],"bias":[135,173],"localization":[139],"literature":[140],"based":[143],"on":[144],"delay":[147],"outdoor":[153],"time-of-flight":[154],"(TOF)":[155],"range":[156],"measurements.":[157],"shown":[161],"match":[163],"exceptionally":[164],"well":[165],"with":[166],"commonly":[167],"assumed":[168],"gamma":[169],"exponential":[171],"models":[174],"literature,":[177],"which":[178,202],"were":[179],"only":[180],"attained":[181],"previously":[182],"through":[183],"heuristic":[184],"indirect":[186],"methods.":[187],"Continuing":[188],"under":[189,221],"this":[190],"analytical":[191],"framework,":[192],"AOA":[194,212,218],"derived,":[201],"gives":[203],"novel":[204],"insight":[205],"into":[206],"how":[207],"environmental":[208],"obstacles":[209],"affect":[210],"also":[214],"represents":[215],"derived":[220],"model.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
