{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193347237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3094970","title":"Low-Complexity Large MIMO Detection via Layered Belief Propagation in Beam Domain","display_name":"Low-Complexity Large MIMO Detection via Layered Belief Propagation in Beam Domain","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193347237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3094970","mag":"3193347237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3094970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3094970","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7693/9674202/09484686.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7693/9674202/09484686.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041356552","display_name":"Takumi Takahashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5141-6247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takumi Takahashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039827493","display_name":"Antti T\u00f6lli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-9770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antti Tolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016896272","display_name":"Shinsuke Ibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3066-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133984924","display_name":"Doshisha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxdkm29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinsuke Ibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108516707","display_name":"Seiichi Sampei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seiichi Sampei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041356552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1334,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87558143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"234","last_page":"249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7101279497146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5722708702087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.563601016998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5628359913825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.5130147337913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4987788200378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.49118921160697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4829406142234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-propagation","display_name":"Belief propagation","score":0.4702179431915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.44280731678009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4358518123626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.42195674777030945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propagation-of-uncertainty","display_name":"Propagation of uncertainty","score":0.4137255847454071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3887512683868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.24878740310668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24397721886634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18258345127105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09201034903526306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7101279497146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5722708702087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.563601016998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5628359913825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.5130147337913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4987788200378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.49118921160697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4829406142234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152948882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4060686","display_name":"Belief propagation","level":3,"score":0.4702179431915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.44280731678009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4358518123626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.42195674777030945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123614077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364905","display_name":"Propagation of uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.4137255847454071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3887512683868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.24878740310668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24397721886634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18258345127105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09201034903526306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3094970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3094970","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7693/9674202/09484686.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2022082956611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2022082956611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3094970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3094970","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7693/9674202/09484686.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2584920068","display_name":"Design of Belief Propagation for mmWave Large MIMO Detection with Low-Precision ADCs","funder_award_id":"20K14734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2623661053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"311741","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2792178611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP20K14734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2823597718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"313041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3609107129","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3792307774","display_name":"\u65e5\u672c\u5de5\u82b8\u7d44\u7d10\u306e\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"13041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4350637323","display_name":"\u30bd\u9023\u90a6\u4e2d\u592e\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8fb2\u696d\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6539\u9020","funder_award_id":"31174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5256887504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G759897952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP21H01332","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7752643416","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7840269759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP20K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193347237.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193347237.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612111850","https://openalex.org/W1562376702","https://openalex.org/W1934021597","https://openalex.org/W1980560153","https://openalex.org/W1984830458","https://openalex.org/W1992036418","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2005772714","https://openalex.org/W2015301486","https://openalex.org/W2035750833","https://openalex.org/W2036725859","https://openalex.org/W2061625134","https://openalex.org/W2066728942","https://openalex.org/W2071767586","https://openalex.org/W2082029531","https://openalex.org/W2116394223","https://openalex.org/W2139317044","https://openalex.org/W2140966562","https://openalex.org/W2145013959","https://openalex.org/W2166670884","https://openalex.org/W2422021507","https://openalex.org/W2467524786","https://openalex.org/W2544795213","https://openalex.org/W2587540608","https://openalex.org/W2599148673","https://openalex.org/W2610971674","https://openalex.org/W2776751579","https://openalex.org/W2885065554","https://openalex.org/W2896991873","https://openalex.org/W2902059755","https://openalex.org/W2917267136","https://openalex.org/W2918459773","https://openalex.org/W2942862155","https://openalex.org/W2945463326","https://openalex.org/W2953485991","https://openalex.org/W2963050343","https://openalex.org/W2963405909","https://openalex.org/W2963602028","https://openalex.org/W2963870794","https://openalex.org/W2964195206","https://openalex.org/W2970038057","https://openalex.org/W2981677593","https://openalex.org/W3003620877","https://openalex.org/W3009717121","https://openalex.org/W3045086480","https://openalex.org/W3098848552","https://openalex.org/W3103471669","https://openalex.org/W3104326121","https://openalex.org/W3104716560","https://openalex.org/W3104874376","https://openalex.org/W3159913259","https://openalex.org/W4212888567","https://openalex.org/W4302333043","https://openalex.org/W6640231202","https://openalex.org/W6681107968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963817320","https://openalex.org/W4307680413","https://openalex.org/W2377432969","https://openalex.org/W2396038226","https://openalex.org/W2109489568","https://openalex.org/W1923998589","https://openalex.org/W2949726649","https://openalex.org/W2134520490","https://openalex.org/W2991551317","https://openalex.org/W2094865524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"large":[1],"multi-user":[2,38],"multi-input":[3],"multi-output":[4],"systems,":[5],"the":[6,45,49,55,62,102,119,135,144,151,157],"computational":[7,158],"cost":[8],"and":[9,36,87,110,124,153,156],"circuit":[10],"scale":[11],"of":[12,24,48,85,104,121,137,143],"base":[13],"stations":[14],"(BSs)":[15],"are":[16],"effectively":[17],"reduced":[18],"using":[19],"two-stage":[20],"signal":[21],"processing":[22],"consisting":[23],"a":[25,74,82],"slow":[26],"varying":[27],"outer":[28],"beamformer":[29],"(OBF)":[30],"based":[31,53],"on":[32,54],"long-term":[33],"channel":[34,42,52],"statistics":[35],"group-specific":[37,50],"detection":[39,106],"for":[40,68,91,100],"instantaneous":[41],"variations.":[43],"However,":[44],"dimensionality":[46],"reduction":[47],"beam-domain":[51],"OBF":[56,93],"causes":[57],"significant":[58],"performance":[59,148],"degradation":[60],"in":[61,113,141,149],"subsequent":[63],"spatial-filtering":[64],"detection.":[65],"To":[66],"compensate":[67],"this":[69,71],"drawback,":[70],"paper":[72],"introduces":[73],"novel":[75],"layered":[76,116],"belief":[77],"propagation":[78],"(BP)":[79],"detector":[80,97],"with":[81],"concatenated":[83],"structure":[84,117],"beam-":[86],"antenna-domain":[88],"BP":[89],"layers":[90],"post-stage":[92],"processing.":[94],"The":[95,115],"proposed":[96,139],"is":[98],"designed":[99],"improving":[101],"convergence":[103],"iterative":[105],"by":[107],"suppressing":[108],"intra-":[109],"inter-group":[111],"interference":[112],"stages.":[114],"provides":[118],"advantages":[120],"both":[122,150],"beam":[123],"antenna":[125],"domains":[126],"while":[127],"maintaining":[128],"low":[129],"signal-processing":[130],"complexity.":[131,159],"Numerical":[132],"results":[133],"show":[134],"validity":[136],"our":[138],"method":[140],"terms":[142],"bit":[145],"error":[146],"rate":[147],"uncoded":[152],"coded":[154],"cases":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}