{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3144465352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3068225","title":"Achievable Rate Analysis and Phase Shift Optimization on Intelligent Reflecting Surface With Hardware Impairments","display_name":"Achievable Rate Analysis and Phase Shift Optimization on Intelligent Reflecting Surface With Hardware Impairments","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3144465352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3068225","mag":"3144465352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3068225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3068225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048808768","display_name":"Zhe Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2801-9849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2801-9849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431222","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-0972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075806425","display_name":"Jun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7090-8653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7090-8653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034541026","display_name":"Erwu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-6208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erwu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97623151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"9","first_page":"5514","last_page":"5530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7770772576332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.7577269077301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5607765316963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.5454912185668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5208007097244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.515798807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5131400227546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convex-optimization","display_name":"Convex optimization","score":0.5068736672401428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.4931192100048065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.44514909386634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.42293238639831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semidefinite-programming","display_name":"Semidefinite programming","score":0.418582022190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3685641288757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.36438652873039246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3620138466358185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32779815793037415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2871808111667633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2863859534263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.18104705214500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12117034196853638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7770772576332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.7577269077301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5607765316963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.5454912185668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5208007097244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.515798807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5131400227546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.5068736672401428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.4931192100048065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.44514909386634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.42293238639831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101901036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269096","display_name":"Semidefinite programming","level":2,"score":0.418582022190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3685641288757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.36438652873039246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3620138466358185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32779815793037415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2871808111667633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2863859534263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.18104705214500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12117034196853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3068225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3068225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4274870547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0711400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4717412138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G510744082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61831018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132901562","https://openalex.org/W1895366383","https://openalex.org/W2009972302","https://openalex.org/W2017190463","https://openalex.org/W2038329885","https://openalex.org/W2114258467","https://openalex.org/W2115324684","https://openalex.org/W2126423090","https://openalex.org/W2130967379","https://openalex.org/W2139757976","https://openalex.org/W2142238976","https://openalex.org/W2152121970","https://openalex.org/W2156577211","https://openalex.org/W2165398914","https://openalex.org/W2178760853","https://openalex.org/W2320703891","https://openalex.org/W2341651901","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2791801736","https://openalex.org/W2795167939","https://openalex.org/W2799807979","https://openalex.org/W2808799442","https://openalex.org/W2895870931","https://openalex.org/W2898513341","https://openalex.org/W2945534522","https://openalex.org/W2948573205","https://openalex.org/W2950076231","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2950680381","https://openalex.org/W2953226670","https://openalex.org/W2963355537","https://openalex.org/W2963460596","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2971912794","https://openalex.org/W2981174761","https://openalex.org/W2981792785","https://openalex.org/W2996313530","https://openalex.org/W2997665500","https://openalex.org/W3005347223","https://openalex.org/W3021564798","https://openalex.org/W3031534314","https://openalex.org/W3031701267","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3035088654","https://openalex.org/W3035697429","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3100075210","https://openalex.org/W3100218246","https://openalex.org/W3100399470","https://openalex.org/W3134746776","https://openalex.org/W6778718003","https://openalex.org/W6781836615"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783437851","https://openalex.org/W4249165909","https://openalex.org/W1672137312","https://openalex.org/W4312206320","https://openalex.org/W4384575246","https://openalex.org/W2160052563","https://openalex.org/W2115832833","https://openalex.org/W2803118069","https://openalex.org/W2126408684","https://openalex.org/W2132453830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"reflecting":[1,195,223],"surface":[2],"(IRS)":[3],"is":[4,225,232],"envisioned":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7],"promising":[8],"hardware":[9,12,41],"solution":[10,118],"to":[11,99,152,213],"cost":[13],"and":[14,50,73,90,115,144,157,166,183,187],"energy":[15],"consumption":[16],"in":[17,28,55,139],"the":[18,46,52,56,66,71,74,83,87,91,101,107,112,117,131,134,142,145,154,159,162,171,178,181,184,198,204,211,215,220,229],"fifth-generation":[19],"(5G)":[20],"mobile":[21],"communication":[22,59],"network.":[23],"It":[24],"exhibits":[25],"great":[26],"advantages":[27],"enhancing":[29],"data":[30],"transmission,":[31],"but":[32],"may":[33],"suffer":[34],"from":[35],"performance":[36,191],"degradation":[37,192],"caused":[38],"by":[39,105,119],"inherent":[40],"impairment":[42],"(HWI).":[43],"For":[44],"analysing":[45],"achievable":[47],"rate":[48],"(ACR)":[49],"optimizing":[51],"phase":[53,103,168],"shifts":[54,104],"IRS-aided":[57],"wireless":[58],"system":[60],"with":[61,133,193],"HWI,":[62],"we":[63,81,95,129,148],"consider":[64],"that":[65,177],"HWI":[67,179,199],"appears":[68],"at":[69,111],"both":[70],"IRS":[72,92,102,132,185,212],"signal":[75],"transceivers.":[76],"On":[77],"this":[78],"foundation,":[79],"first,":[80],"derive":[82],"closed-form":[84],"expression":[85],"of":[86,141,161,222],"average":[88],"ACR":[89,143,182],"utility.":[93,146],"Then,":[94],"formulate":[96],"optimization":[97,172],"problems":[98,122],"optimize":[100],"maximizing":[106],"signal-to-noise":[108],"ratio":[109],"(SNR)":[110],"receiver":[113],"side,":[114],"obtain":[116],"transforming":[120],"non-convex":[121],"into":[123],"semidefinite":[124],"programming":[125],"(SDP)":[126],"problems.":[127],"Subsequently,":[128],"compare":[130],"conventional":[135,216],"decode-and-forward":[136],"(DF)":[137],"relay":[138],"terms":[140],"Finally,":[147],"carry":[149],"out":[150],"simulations":[151],"verify":[153],"theoretical":[155],"analysis,":[156],"evaluate":[158],"impact":[160,202],"channel":[163],"estimation":[164],"errors":[165],"residual":[167],"noises":[169],"on":[170,203],"performance.":[173],"Our":[174],"results":[175],"reveal":[176],"reduces":[180],"utility,":[186],"begets":[188],"more":[189,194],"serious":[190],"elements.":[196],"Although":[197],"has":[200],"an":[201],"IRS,":[205],"it":[206],"still":[207],"leaves":[208],"opportunities":[209],"for":[210],"surpass":[214],"DF":[217],"relay,":[218],"when":[219],"number":[221],"elements":[224],"large":[226],"enough":[227],"or":[228],"transmitting":[230],"power":[231],"sufficiently":[233],"high.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}