{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137570378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3064024","title":"Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Wireless Communications","display_name":"Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Wireless Communications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137570378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3064024","mag":"3137570378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3064024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3064024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178775","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025695430","display_name":"Ruizhe Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0565-0515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizhe Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Networking and Communications (CINC), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0565-0515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Networking and Communications (CINC), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007832415","display_name":"Ying\u2010Chang Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2671-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying-Chang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Networking and Communications (CINC), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2671-5090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Networking and Communications (CINC), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060380113","display_name":"Yiyang Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9915-8697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyang Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9915-8697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043552696","display_name":"Erik G. Larsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7599-4367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik G. Larsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7599-4367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.4021,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":664,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99950545,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"8","first_page":"4962","last_page":"4975"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7133742570877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6505004167556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.5428285002708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5198864936828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.45420050621032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4116246998310089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.24354210495948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24309894442558289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1778932809829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12105926871299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0854928195476532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7133742570877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6505004167556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.5428285002708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5198864936828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45420050621032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4116246998310089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.24354210495948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24309894442558289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1778932809829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12105926871299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0854928195476532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3064024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3064024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-178775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-178775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1418244083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1801261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3738287161","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1801105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7000009495","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5f02\u6784\u7f51\u7edc\u667a\u80fd\u65e0\u7ebf\u63a5\u5165\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61631005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7763006810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2019Z022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632601927","https://openalex.org/W1994232933","https://openalex.org/W2000192641","https://openalex.org/W2002905425","https://openalex.org/W2020892433","https://openalex.org/W2032262780","https://openalex.org/W2160593627","https://openalex.org/W2317490513","https://openalex.org/W2559854264","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2762714613","https://openalex.org/W2793625630","https://openalex.org/W2831062221","https://openalex.org/W2912724178","https://openalex.org/W2949670636","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2963121727","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2981792785","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W2996313530","https://openalex.org/W3003735189","https://openalex.org/W3005476696","https://openalex.org/W3015419519","https://openalex.org/W3021587675","https://openalex.org/W3022916026","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3036604634","https://openalex.org/W3036875774","https://openalex.org/W3036886449","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3043119790","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3046974406","https://openalex.org/W3086892208","https://openalex.org/W3094619726","https://openalex.org/W3099666646","https://openalex.org/W3120822682","https://openalex.org/W3131324807","https://openalex.org/W3134059753","https://openalex.org/W4288365549","https://openalex.org/W6762113363","https://openalex.org/W6768549762","https://openalex.org/W6774034255","https://openalex.org/W6780672867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2567141277","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2727286692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"Intelligent":[1],"Surface":[2],"(RIS)":[3],"is":[4,67,203,213,230],"a":[5,14,27,56,96,101,108,138,216,234],"promising":[6],"solution":[7,218],"to":[8,137,159,183,205],"reconfigure":[9],"the":[10,20,24,39,78,87,93,106,117,126,131,150,155,161,164,170,175,185,190,193,197,207,210,226,246,256,262],"wireless":[11],"environment":[12],"in":[13,23,42,92],"controllable":[15],"way.":[16],"To":[17,177],"compensate":[18],"for":[19,100],"double-fading":[21],"attenuation":[22],"RIS-aided":[25,110,249,259],"link,":[26],"large":[28,43],"number":[29,118],"of":[30,59,82,95,119,133,236],"passive":[31,97,258],"reflecting":[32,84,186,227],"elements":[33],"(REs)":[34],"are":[35],"conventionally":[36],"deployed":[37],"at":[38,105,174,189,196],"RIS,":[40,60,63,107],"resulting":[41],"surface":[44],"size":[45],"and":[46,76,153,169,192],"considerable":[47],"circuit":[48],"power":[49,103,167,264],"consumption.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52,179],"paper,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"new":[57],"type":[58],"called":[61],"active":[62,70,120,135,248],"where":[64],"each":[65],"RE":[66],"assisted":[68],"by":[69,115,232],"loads":[71],"(negative":[72],"resistance),":[73],"that":[74,245],"reflect":[75],"amplify":[77,149],"incident":[79,127],"signal":[80,166],"instead":[81],"only":[83],"it":[85,146,181],"with":[86,215,261],"adjustable":[88],"phase":[89],"shift":[90],"as":[91,122,124],"case":[94],"RIS.":[98],"Therefore,":[99],"given":[102],"budget":[104],"strengthened":[109],"link":[111],"can":[112],"be":[113],"achieved":[114],"increasing":[116],"REs":[121],"well":[123],"amplifying":[125],"signal.":[128],"We":[129],"consider":[130],"use":[132],"an":[134],"RIS":[136,191],"single":[139],"input":[140],"multiple":[141],"output":[142],"(SIMO)":[143],"system.":[144],"However,":[145],"would":[147],"unintentionally":[148],"RIS-correlated":[151,171],"noise,":[152],"thus":[154],"proposed":[156,204,247],"system":[157,250,260],"has":[158,182],"balance":[160],"conflict":[162],"between":[163],"received":[165],"maximization":[168],"noise":[172],"minimization":[173],"receiver.":[176,198],"achieve":[178,252],"goal,":[180],"optimize":[184],"coefficient":[187,228],"matrix":[188,229],"receive":[194,211],"beamforming":[195,212],"An":[199],"alternating":[200],"optimization":[201],"algorithm":[202],"solve":[206],"problem.":[208],"Specifically,":[209],"obtained":[214,231],"closed-form":[217],"based":[219],"on":[220],"linear":[221],"minimum-mean-square-error":[222],"(MMSE)":[223],"criterion,":[224],"while":[225],"solving":[233],"series":[235],"sequential":[237],"convex":[238],"approximation":[239],"(SCA)":[240],"problems.":[241],"Simulation":[242],"results":[243],"show":[244],"could":[251],"better":[253],"performance":[254],"over":[255],"conventional":[257],"same":[263],"budget.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":191},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":178},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":171},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}