{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131139362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3058970","title":"Machine Learning-based Signal Detection for PMH Signals in Load-modulated MIMO Systems","display_name":"Machine Learning-based Signal Detection for PMH Signals in Load-modulated MIMO Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131139362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3058970","mag":"3131139362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3058970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3058970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071093130","display_name":"Jinle Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-1735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinle Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-1735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429915","display_name":"Qiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-995X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-995X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444608","display_name":"Hu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-3509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008473103","display_name":"Hongyang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7626-0162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Intelligent Network, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7626-0162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Intelligent Network, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008864376","display_name":"Nirwan Ansari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-3565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirwan Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-3565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3934,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57869981,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"4452","last_page":"4464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.633955717086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5943523645401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.48976898193359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypersphere","display_name":"Hypersphere","score":0.4806584119796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.46207526326179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.4511505663394928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4436776340007782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4374500811100006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.42917633056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4282565116882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42568498849868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4171135723590851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.34181419014930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3033076524734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24430105090141296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.13934388756752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12638071179389954}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.633955717086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5943523645401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.48976898193359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776562905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306610","display_name":"Hypersphere","level":2,"score":0.4806584119796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.46207526326179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.4511505663394928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4436776340007782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4374500811100006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.42917633056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4282565116882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42568498849868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4171135723590851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.34181419014930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3033076524734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24430105090141296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.13934388756752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12638071179389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3058970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3058970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6110245451","display_name":"\u786c\u4ef6\u6027\u80fd\u53d7\u9650\u4e0b\u5ba4\u5916\u6beb\u7c73\u6ce2\u5927\u89c4\u6a21MIMO\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61831004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185797722","https://openalex.org/W432193662","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1971030314","https://openalex.org/W1995990042","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2009086942","https://openalex.org/W2009165282","https://openalex.org/W2041287972","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2061351061","https://openalex.org/W2064812691","https://openalex.org/W2084000272","https://openalex.org/W2103158046","https://openalex.org/W2105204872","https://openalex.org/W2106253730","https://openalex.org/W2107550641","https://openalex.org/W2111626380","https://openalex.org/W2129795779","https://openalex.org/W2141928109","https://openalex.org/W2142051497","https://openalex.org/W2142187810","https://openalex.org/W2168062555","https://openalex.org/W2212880994","https://openalex.org/W2254236053","https://openalex.org/W2399431699","https://openalex.org/W2562947506","https://openalex.org/W2963020121","https://openalex.org/W2969631174","https://openalex.org/W3015780179","https://openalex.org/W4292414116","https://openalex.org/W4301055685","https://openalex.org/W6607535878","https://openalex.org/W6666040507","https://openalex.org/W6676435401","https://openalex.org/W6688585973","https://openalex.org/W6691613007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137284648","https://openalex.org/W2528326979","https://openalex.org/W4285813751","https://openalex.org/W2949584727","https://openalex.org/W2044479831","https://openalex.org/W2159045460","https://openalex.org/W2522190652","https://openalex.org/W3165862203","https://openalex.org/W2989639077","https://openalex.org/W3004680695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase":[0],"Modulation":[1],"on":[2,93,169],"the":[3,13,30,37,52,58,66,71,76,88,94,108,117,123,138,145,149,157,164,170,181,194,229],"Hypersphere":[4],"(PMH)":[5],"is":[6,26,184,213],"a":[7,82,120,188,202],"power":[8,21],"efficient":[9],"modulation":[10],"scheme":[11,44,91,111,167],"for":[12],"load-modulated":[14],"multiple-input":[15],"multiple-output":[16],"(MIMO)":[17],"transmitters":[18],"with":[19,51,99,126,173],"central":[20],"amplifiers":[22],"(CPA).":[23],"However,":[24],"it":[25],"difficult":[27],"to":[28,186,223],"obtain":[29,114],"precise":[31],"channel":[32,118],"state":[33],"information":[34,115],"(CSI),":[35],"and":[36,57,130,193],"traditional":[38],"optimal":[39,139],"maximum":[40,100],"likelihood":[41,101],"(ML)":[42],"detection":[43,84,102,110,133,151,160,175,196,209,218,234],"incurs":[45],"high":[46],"complexity":[47,147,210],"which":[48],"increases":[49],"exponentially":[50],"number":[53,59],"of":[54,60,116,122,137,211,231],"transmitting":[55],"antennas":[56],"bits":[61],"carried":[62],"per":[63],"antenna":[64],"in":[65,148,152],"PMH":[67,72],"modulation.":[68],"To":[69,142],"detect":[70],"signals":[73],"without":[74,216],"knowing":[75],"prior":[77],"CSI,":[78],"we":[79,154],"first":[80],"propose":[81,156],"signal":[83,159,195],"scheme,":[85,161],"termed":[86,162],"as":[87,135,163,221],"hypersphere":[89,165],"clustering":[90,166],"based":[92,168],"expectation":[95],"maximization":[96],"(EM)":[97],"algorithm":[98,172,183],"(HEM-ML).":[103],"By":[104],"leveraging":[105],"machine":[106],"learning,":[107],"proposed":[109,233],"can":[112,198],"accurately":[113],"from":[119,180],"few":[121],"received":[124],"symbols":[125],"little":[127],"resource":[128],"cost":[129],"achieve":[131],"comparable":[132],"results":[134,227],"that":[136],"ML":[140,150],"detector.":[141],"further":[143],"reduce":[144],"computational":[146],"HEM-ML,":[153],"also":[155],"second":[158],"EM":[171,182],"KD-tree":[174,190],"(HEM-KD).":[176],"The":[177,208],"CSI":[178],"obtained":[179],"used":[185],"build":[187],"spatial":[189],"receiver":[191],"codebook":[192],"problem":[197],"be":[199],"transformed":[200],"into":[201],"nearest":[203],"neighbor":[204],"search":[205],"(NNS)":[206],"problem.":[207],"HEM-KD":[212],"significantly":[214],"reduced":[215],"any":[217],"performance":[219],"loss":[220],"compared":[222],"HEM-ML.":[224],"Extensive":[225],"simulation":[226],"verify":[228],"effectiveness":[230],"our":[232],"schemes.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}