{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2978563415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3058366","title":"On the Optimality of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs): Passive Beamforming, Modulation, and Resource Allocation","display_name":"On the Optimality of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs): Passive Beamforming, Modulation, and Resource Allocation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2978563415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3058366","mag":"2978563415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3058366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3058366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.00968","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042813079","display_name":"Minchae Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6013-042X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minchae Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea","[Department of Electronic Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electronic Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024108653","display_name":"Walid Saad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea","Wireless@VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wireless@VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless@VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wireless@VT, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056145687","display_name":"M\u00e9rouane Debbah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277688954","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjwb503","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107720","display_name":"CentraleSup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/019tcpt25","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210107720"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128309","display_name":"CERMICS","ror":"https://ror.org/03wct8w46","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142631665","https://openalex.org/I4210128309","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merouane Debbah","raw_affiliation_strings":["CentraleSupelec, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France","Lagrange Mathematics and Computing Research Center, Paris, France","CentraleSup\u00e9lec, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CentraleSupelec, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107720","https://openalex.org/I277688954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lagrange Mathematics and Computing Research Center, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CentraleSup\u00e9lec, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107720","https://openalex.org/I277688954"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034052371","display_name":"Choong Seon Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choong Seon Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042813079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.219,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7807084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"7","first_page":"4347","last_page":"4363"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6874306201934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.663167417049408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.657547652721405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4690811038017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.46699586510658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.4609912037849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4500836730003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.44127771258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4274660348892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.417195200920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3645203709602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2688632607460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18686243891716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17922690510749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1687242090702057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13035157322883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08475634455680847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6874306201934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.663167417049408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.657547652721405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4690811038017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.46699586510658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.4609912037849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4500836730003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.44127771258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4274660348892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.417195200920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3645203709602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2688632607460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18686243891716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17922690510749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1687242090702057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13035157322883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08475634455680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2021.3058366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2021.3058366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1910.00968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.00968","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.00968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2978563415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1910.00968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.00968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.00968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1910.00968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.00968","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.00968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G207211920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1739642","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3084346039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2030215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522045078","https://openalex.org/W1555197957","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1991567646","https://openalex.org/W1995033525","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2042172691","https://openalex.org/W2068712429","https://openalex.org/W2097884080","https://openalex.org/W2099461393","https://openalex.org/W2130319142","https://openalex.org/W2152463001","https://openalex.org/W2154806660","https://openalex.org/W2171423886","https://openalex.org/W2600647254","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W2798766386","https://openalex.org/W2891191577","https://openalex.org/W2945534522","https://openalex.org/W2950302183","https://openalex.org/W2953226670","https://openalex.org/W2962684895","https://openalex.org/W2963355537","https://openalex.org/W2963961614","https://openalex.org/W2964045328","https://openalex.org/W2968389137","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2969001189","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2985925324","https://openalex.org/W2988451509","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2990994567","https://openalex.org/W2992456343","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W2997056960","https://openalex.org/W3023940643","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3038534820","https://openalex.org/W3045987003","https://openalex.org/W3046150221","https://openalex.org/W3049332737","https://openalex.org/W3087258725","https://openalex.org/W3104964198","https://openalex.org/W3106992008","https://openalex.org/W4235371447","https://openalex.org/W6756406014","https://openalex.org/W6766711303","https://openalex.org/W6770412359","https://openalex.org/W6770479854","https://openalex.org/W6777514010","https://openalex.org/W6781551139"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127184233","https://openalex.org/W2982402284","https://openalex.org/W3125390787","https://openalex.org/W2998441893","https://openalex.org/W2995155530","https://openalex.org/W3119463785","https://openalex.org/W3087507085","https://openalex.org/W3212047121","https://openalex.org/W3100368766","https://openalex.org/W3094327823","https://openalex.org/W2997000957","https://openalex.org/W3042571952","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2950274618","https://openalex.org/W3135612232","https://openalex.org/W3180392679","https://openalex.org/W2992456343","https://openalex.org/W3120117232","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W2952560044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligent":[1],"surfaces":[2],"(RISs)":[3],"have":[4],"recently":[5],"emerged":[6],"as":[7,45],"a":[8,25,58,78,85,95,114,131,158,201],"promising":[9],"technology":[10],"that":[11,98,134,163,186,210],"can":[12,36,99,135],"achieve":[13,100],"high":[14],"spectrum":[15],"and":[16,30,49,119,148,168,180],"energy":[17],"efficiency":[18],"for":[19,64],"future":[20],"wireless":[21],"networks":[22],"by":[23,105],"integrating":[24],"massive":[26],"number":[27,203],"of":[28,40,74,175,200,204],"low-cost":[29],"passive":[31,96,178],"reflecting":[32,206],"elements.":[33],"An":[34],"RIS":[35,80,87,116,140,205],"manipulate":[37],"the":[38,46,62,71,101,107,127,176,187,211,218],"properties":[39,110],"an":[41,139],"incident":[42,108],"wave,":[43],"such":[44],"frequency,":[47],"amplitude,":[48],"phase,":[50],"and,":[51],"then,":[52],"reflect":[53],"this":[54,69],"manipulated":[55],"wave":[56,109],"to":[57,125],"desired":[59],"destination,":[60],"without":[61,141],"need":[63],"complex":[65],"signal":[66],"processing.":[67],"In":[68,93,123],"paper,":[70],"asymptotic":[72,102,219],"optimality":[73],"achievable":[75,128,212],"rate":[76,153,213],"in":[77,138,191,198,214],"downlink":[79],"system":[81,129],"is":[82,111,146,154,171],"analyzed":[83],"under":[84,113,173],"practical":[86,120,215],"environment":[88],"with":[89,143,194],"its":[90,149],"associated":[91],"limitations.":[92],"particular,":[94],"beamformer":[97],"optimal":[103],"performance":[104],"controlling":[106],"designed,":[112,172],"limited":[115],"control":[117,170],"link":[118],"reflection":[121],"coefficients.":[122],"order":[124],"increase":[126],"sum-rate,":[130],"modulation":[132,181],"scheme":[133],"be":[136],"used":[137],"interfering":[142],"existing":[144],"users":[145],"proposed":[147,177,188],"average":[150],"symbol":[151],"error":[152],"asymptotically":[155],"derived.":[156],"Moreover,":[157],"new":[159],"resource":[160],"allocation":[161],"algorithm":[162],"jointly":[164],"considers":[165],"user":[166],"scheduling":[167],"power":[169],"consideration":[174],"beamforming":[179],"schemes.":[182],"Simulation":[183],"results":[184],"show":[185],"schemes":[189],"are":[190],"close":[192],"agreement":[193],"their":[195],"upper":[196],"bounds":[197],"presence":[199],"large":[202],"elements":[207],"thereby":[208],"verifying":[209],"RISs":[216],"satisfies":[217],"optimality.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}