{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110930871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3041449","title":"Characteristic Mode Analysis of ESPAR for Single-RF MIMO Systems","display_name":"Characteristic Mode Analysis of ESPAR for Single-RF MIMO Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110930871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3041449","mag":"3110930871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3041449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3041449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-109006/1/037627_1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078543719","display_name":"Zixiang Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-0418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zixiang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026524380","display_name":"Yujie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-4892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015890986","display_name":"Shanpu Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-2903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanpu Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387779","display_name":"Yue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2623-6957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053458820","display_name":"Chi-Yuk Chiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9852-4704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Yuk Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004541948","display_name":"Ross Murch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-7693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ross Murch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078543719"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96496038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"2353","last_page":"2367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7013552188873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.6662155985832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonality","display_name":"Orthogonality","score":0.6105584502220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5145058631896973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.5138802528381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar-array","display_name":"Planar array","score":0.4856518507003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.4482024312019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.4354628324508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.43538662791252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.42084482312202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dipole-antenna","display_name":"Dipole antenna","score":0.412563681602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4024031162261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3734256625175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3600466251373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35105204582214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21200042963027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15749666094779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.08876180648803711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7013552188873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.6662155985832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17137986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215067","display_name":"Orthogonality","level":2,"score":0.6105584502220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5145058631896973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.5138802528381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775980084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Planar array","level":2,"score":0.4856518507003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.4482024312019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4354628324508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43538662791252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.42084482312202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113145756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126859","display_name":"Dipole antenna","level":3,"score":0.412563681602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4024031162261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3734256625175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3600466251373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35105204582214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21200042963027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15749666094779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.08876180648803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3041449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3041449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-109006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-109006","pdf_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-109006/1/037627_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-109006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-85097930930&origin=inward","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-109006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-109006","pdf_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-109006/1/037627_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3110930871.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495213449","https://openalex.org/W1507749871","https://openalex.org/W1976538210","https://openalex.org/W1996936624","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2004399101","https://openalex.org/W2029466566","https://openalex.org/W2039233006","https://openalex.org/W2045840914","https://openalex.org/W2047736951","https://openalex.org/W2047793244","https://openalex.org/W2052185701","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2067293082","https://openalex.org/W2067605736","https://openalex.org/W2070467785","https://openalex.org/W2074353389","https://openalex.org/W2076072804","https://openalex.org/W2081780082","https://openalex.org/W2091228313","https://openalex.org/W2101833909","https://openalex.org/W2106274447","https://openalex.org/W2120690810","https://openalex.org/W2125669974","https://openalex.org/W2126341321","https://openalex.org/W2128865660","https://openalex.org/W2130509920","https://openalex.org/W2141928109","https://openalex.org/W2145126461","https://openalex.org/W2147100499","https://openalex.org/W2147416982","https://openalex.org/W2151180701","https://openalex.org/W2154587201","https://openalex.org/W2163982637","https://openalex.org/W2294000622","https://openalex.org/W2295559644","https://openalex.org/W2298279259","https://openalex.org/W2342991190","https://openalex.org/W2497417700","https://openalex.org/W2531903691","https://openalex.org/W2564720422","https://openalex.org/W2582583737","https://openalex.org/W2604994290","https://openalex.org/W2626334253","https://openalex.org/W2771533682","https://openalex.org/W2855684666","https://openalex.org/W2938052005","https://openalex.org/W2998180691","https://openalex.org/W2999697870","https://openalex.org/W2999929188","https://openalex.org/W4255841132","https://openalex.org/W4256217385","https://openalex.org/W4301621763","https://openalex.org/W6629611025","https://openalex.org/W6731021950","https://openalex.org/W6772763872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081762384","https://openalex.org/W2101858615","https://openalex.org/W2182529666","https://openalex.org/W2986108137","https://openalex.org/W2171242072","https://openalex.org/W2901856626","https://openalex.org/W2912338760","https://openalex.org/W2093776220","https://openalex.org/W1969323250","https://openalex.org/W3163859264"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"systematic":[1],"method":[2,27,60,128],"based":[3,62,124],"on":[4,63,125],"the":[5,64,93,100,109,117,126,135,142,149,183,186],"Theory":[6],"of":[7,16,73,141,146,148,157,185],"Characteristic":[8],"Modes":[9],"(TCM)":[10],"for":[11,31,50,92,115,134],"finding":[12,108],"orthogonal":[13,41,101,118],"radiation":[14],"patterns":[15,42,119],"any":[17],"electronically":[18],"steerable":[19],"parasitic":[20],"array":[21,83,163],"radiator":[22],"(ESPAR)":[23],"is":[24,61,76,120,123,151],"described.":[25],"This":[26],"can":[28,43,86],"be":[29,44],"useful":[30],"designing":[32],"single-RF":[33],"front-end":[34],"multiple-input":[35],"multiple-output":[36],"(MIMO)":[37],"systems":[38],"in":[39,113],"which":[40],"utilized":[45],"as":[46,174,176],"a":[47,130,159],"basis":[48],"set":[49],"space":[51],"modulation":[52],"(SM)":[53],"or":[54,82],"full":[55,177],"multiplexed":[56,178],"MIMO":[57,179],"systems.":[58],"The":[59],"<inline-formula":[65],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[66],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[67],"<tex-math":[68],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$N$":[69],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[70],"-port":[71],"formulation":[72],"TCM":[74],"and":[75,122,164],"not":[77],"restricted":[78],"to":[79,98,107],"antenna":[80,94,170],"type":[81],"configuration.":[84],"It":[85],"also":[87,152],"provide":[88],"closed":[89,131],"formed":[90],"solutions":[91],"element":[95],"currents":[96],"required":[97,110],"generate":[99],"patterns.":[102],"In":[103],"addition":[104],"an":[105,165],"approach":[106],"load":[111],"reactances":[112],"ESPAR":[114],"generating":[116],"provided":[121],"quasi-Newton":[127],"utilizing":[129],"form":[132],"expression":[133],"initial":[136],"approximate":[137],"solution.":[138],"Approximate":[139],"estimation":[140],"effective":[143],"aerial":[144],"degrees":[145],"freedom":[147],"ESPARs":[150],"discussed.":[153],"Two":[154],"simulation":[155],"examples":[156],"ESPARs,":[158],"4-element":[160],"linear":[161],"dipole":[162],"8-element":[166],"rectangular":[167],"planar":[168],"inverted-F":[169],"array,":[171],"using":[172],"SM":[173],"well":[175],"are":[180],"provided,":[181],"demonstrating":[182],"effectiveness":[184],"proposed":[187],"method.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
