{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106992902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3037552","title":"Robust Adaptive Beam Tracking for Mobile Millimetre Wave Communications","display_name":"Robust Adaptive Beam Tracking for Mobile Millimetre Wave Communications","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106992902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3037552","mag":"3106992902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3037552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3037552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060754704","display_name":"Chunshan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-7743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunshan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-7743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400762","display_name":"Min Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-2390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-2390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041274874","display_name":"Lou Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-1163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lou Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080012042","display_name":"Philip Whiting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-7523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Whiting","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-7523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033806253","display_name":"Stephen V. Hanly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0524-9927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Vaughan Hanly","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0524-9927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033728735","display_name":"Iain B. Collings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-2601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iain B. Collings","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-2601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071265062","display_name":"Minjian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-2434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060754704"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4968,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89885348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"1918","last_page":"1934"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8234524726867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6316480040550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.6100685596466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5988813638687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.46954354643821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.45722925662994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.44472867250442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-error","display_name":"Tracking error","score":0.4443587362766266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.41024625301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.35228535532951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1943427324295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19129300117492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.11262896656990051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8234524726867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6316480040550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6100685596466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5988813638687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.46954354643821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.45722925662994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44472867250442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183356978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779213","display_name":"Tracking error","level":3,"score":0.4443587362766266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.41024625301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.35228535532951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1943427324295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19129300117492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.11262896656990051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3037552","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3037552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G367910270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY20F010012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7970419376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP180103550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W603119769","https://openalex.org/W1483249443","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2263866228","https://openalex.org/W2295341737","https://openalex.org/W2534496827","https://openalex.org/W2538690469","https://openalex.org/W2565013478","https://openalex.org/W2604992528","https://openalex.org/W2614851539","https://openalex.org/W2615358882","https://openalex.org/W2737688805","https://openalex.org/W2751147412","https://openalex.org/W2758460929","https://openalex.org/W2774500337","https://openalex.org/W2789328094","https://openalex.org/W2790153444","https://openalex.org/W2793152771","https://openalex.org/W2796047239","https://openalex.org/W2796716548","https://openalex.org/W2885140458","https://openalex.org/W2889276156","https://openalex.org/W2917005045","https://openalex.org/W2938197964","https://openalex.org/W2947007362","https://openalex.org/W2955485202","https://openalex.org/W2962958278","https://openalex.org/W2963742775","https://openalex.org/W2963766356","https://openalex.org/W2964311703","https://openalex.org/W2999380984","https://openalex.org/W3016754131","https://openalex.org/W3100007131","https://openalex.org/W3105281589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996812256","https://openalex.org/W2525543468","https://openalex.org/W2026490863","https://openalex.org/W2366743900","https://openalex.org/W2389929639","https://openalex.org/W2369313712","https://openalex.org/W2380496977","https://openalex.org/W2351548249","https://openalex.org/W2099967431","https://openalex.org/W2360915094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimetre":[0],"wave":[1],"(mmWave)":[2],"beam":[3,42,55,71],"tracking":[4,10,43,82,106,123],"is":[5],"a":[6,38,61,88,101,110],"challenging":[7],"task":[8],"because":[9],"algorithms":[11],"are":[12,58],"required":[13],"to":[14,91,128],"provide":[15,87],"consistent":[16],"high":[17,81,175],"accuracy":[18,83,176],"with":[19,48,109,174,187],"low":[20],"probability":[21],"of":[22,24,116,122,136,144,190],"loss":[23,115,135],"track":[25,170],"and":[26,84],"minimal":[27],"overhead.":[28],"To":[29,79],"meet":[30],"these":[31],"requirements,":[32],"we":[33,86],"propose":[34],"in":[35,183],"this":[36,53],"article":[37],"new":[39],"cost-effective":[40],"analog":[41],"framework":[44,99],"namely":[45],"Adaptive":[46],"Tracking":[47],"Stochastic":[49],"Control":[50],"(ATSC).":[51],"Under":[52],"framework,":[54],"direction":[56],"updates":[57],"made":[59],"using":[60],"novel":[62],"mechanism":[63],"based":[64],"on":[65],"measurements":[66],"taken":[67],"from":[68,74],"only":[69],"two":[70],"directions":[72,173],"perturbed":[73],"the":[75,94,105,120,129],"current":[76],"data":[77],"beam.":[78],"achieve":[80],"reliability,":[85],"systematic":[89],"approach":[90],"jointly":[92],"optimise":[93],"algorithm":[95],"parameters.":[96],"The":[97],"complete":[98],"includes":[100],"method":[102],"for":[103,112,177],"adapting":[104],"rate":[107],"together":[108],"criterion":[111],"realignment":[113],"(perceived":[114],"track).":[117],"ATSC":[118,168],"adapts":[119],"amount":[121],"overhead":[124,189],"that":[125,167],"matches":[126],"well":[127,153],"mobility":[130],"level,":[131],"without":[132],"incurring":[133],"frequent":[134],"track,":[137],"as":[138,152,154],"verified":[139],"by":[140,159],"an":[141,188],"extensive":[142],"set":[143],"experiments":[145],"under":[146],"both":[147],"representative":[148],"statistical":[149],"channel":[150,172],"models":[151],"realistic":[155],"urban":[156,185],"scenarios":[157],"simulated":[158],"ray-tracing":[160],"software.":[161],"In":[162],"particular,":[163],"numerical":[164],"results":[165],"show":[166],"can":[169],"dominant":[171],"vehicles":[178],"moving":[179],"at":[180],"72":[181],"km/hour":[182],"complicated":[184],"scenarios,":[186],"less":[191],"than":[192],"1%.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}