{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095707788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3032740","title":"On the Performance of Indoor Multi-Story Small-Cell Networks","display_name":"On the Performance of Indoor Multi-Story Small-Cell Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095707788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3032740","mag":"3095707788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3032740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3032740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000939963","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5161-8973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5161-8973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351217","display_name":"Yixin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-3618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-3618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320402","display_name":"Jiliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3750-6841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3750-6841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069850104","display_name":"Xiaoli Chu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-6149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436731","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801309126","display_name":"UK Power Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/05nqrfj72","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801309126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","Ranplan Wireless Network Design Ltd., Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ranplan Wireless Network Design Ltd., Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801309126"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000939963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68742855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"1336","last_page":"1348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.7645238637924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.6871590614318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6816017627716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coverage-probability","display_name":"Coverage probability","score":0.6723997592926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6337558627128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.6075472235679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ceiling","display_name":"Ceiling (cloud)","score":0.5621194839477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.5549477338790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poisson-point-process","display_name":"Poisson point process","score":0.5389348864555359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4669925272464752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.44615960121154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.4260123372077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poisson-distribution","display_name":"Poisson distribution","score":0.42263612151145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4099901616573334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4041461646556854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.39412057399749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29338374733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2296505868434906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.18976235389709473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14548733830451965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.09998941421508789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.7645238637924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.6871590614318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6816017627716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.6723997592926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6337558627128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.6075472235679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589822","display_name":"Ceiling (cloud)","level":2,"score":0.5621194839477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.5549477338790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16757284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145117","display_name":"Poisson point process","level":3,"score":0.5389348864555359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4669925272464752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.44615960121154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.4260123372077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.42263612151145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4099901616573334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4041461646556854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.39412057399749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29338374733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2296505868434906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.18976235389709473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14548733830451965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.09998941421508789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3032740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3032740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:166735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W344766627","https://openalex.org/W355083891","https://openalex.org/W794558810","https://openalex.org/W1976916271","https://openalex.org/W2031858701","https://openalex.org/W2034420299","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2073252511","https://openalex.org/W2076237627","https://openalex.org/W2080347530","https://openalex.org/W2092793296","https://openalex.org/W2106857564","https://openalex.org/W2132136608","https://openalex.org/W2134686390","https://openalex.org/W2149170915","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2187603890","https://openalex.org/W2261127636","https://openalex.org/W2346210987","https://openalex.org/W2398409936","https://openalex.org/W2414518024","https://openalex.org/W2564154611","https://openalex.org/W2801356375","https://openalex.org/W2804775637","https://openalex.org/W2808479146","https://openalex.org/W2883339710","https://openalex.org/W2906041196","https://openalex.org/W2914865204","https://openalex.org/W2954455038","https://openalex.org/W2962787583","https://openalex.org/W2963171323","https://openalex.org/W2963411882","https://openalex.org/W2963805943","https://openalex.org/W2964073837","https://openalex.org/W2980128121","https://openalex.org/W3015270897","https://openalex.org/W3101570866","https://openalex.org/W4238254677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949860582","https://openalex.org/W1605884181","https://openalex.org/W1985655499","https://openalex.org/W2406192116","https://openalex.org/W1674302630","https://openalex.org/W1573068833","https://openalex.org/W2947805744","https://openalex.org/W2314349990","https://openalex.org/W4389820878","https://openalex.org/W1500167156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"data":[1],"traffic":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4,13],"largely":[5],"generated":[6],"indoors.":[7],"However,":[8],"indoor":[9,79,160],"cellular":[10],"networks":[11],"have":[12],"studied":[14],"either":[15],"on":[16],"a":[17,28,36,43,57,102,111,116,142],"two-dimensional":[18],"(2D)":[19],"plane":[20],"or":[21,127],"as":[22,81],"an":[23],"intractable":[24],"optimization":[25],"problem":[26],"for":[27,42,77,158],"multi-story":[29,44],"building.":[30,45],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34],"develop":[35],"tractable":[37,98],"three-dimensional":[38],"small-cell":[39,50],"network":[40,80],"model":[41],"On":[46],"each":[47],"story,":[48],"the":[49,66,78,84,87,91,94,107,121,124,128,131],"base":[51],"stations":[52],"(BS)":[53],"are":[54],"distributed":[55],"following":[56],"2D":[58],"homogeneous":[59],"Poisson":[60],"point":[61],"process.":[62],"We":[63],"analytically":[64],"derive":[65],"downlink":[67,132],"coverage":[68,113,133],"probability,":[69],"spectral":[70,75],"efficiency":[71,76],"(SE)":[72],"and":[73,93,115,137,152],"area":[74],"functions":[82],"of":[83,90,106,123,149],"story":[85,125,150],"height,":[86],"penetration":[88,104],"loss":[89,105],"ceiling":[92,108],"BS":[95,129,153],"density.":[96],"Our":[97],"expressions":[99],"show":[100],"that":[101,146],"higher":[103,112,117],"leads":[109],"to":[110],"probability":[114,134],"SE.":[118],"Meanwhile,":[119],"with":[120],"increase":[122],"height":[126,151],"density,":[130],"first":[135],"decreases":[136],"then":[138],"increases":[139],"after":[140],"reaching":[141],"minimum":[143],"value,":[144],"indicating":[145],"certain":[147],"values":[148],"density":[154],"should":[155],"be":[156],"avoided":[157],"good":[159],"wireless":[161],"coverage.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}