{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082266535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3018408","title":"Spatial Spectrum Sensing in Uplink Two-Tier User-Centric Deployed HetNets","display_name":"Spatial Spectrum Sensing in Uplink Two-Tier User-Centric Deployed HetNets","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082266535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3018408","mag":"3082266535"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3018408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3018408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066897459","display_name":"Bodong Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7966-0017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bodong Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless@VT Research Group, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless@VT Research Group, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027237940","display_name":"Lingjia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-1784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingjia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless@VT Research Group, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless@VT Research Group, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353673","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6480-7976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080373263","display_name":"Charlie Jianzhong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlie Jianzhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Research America, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041986340","display_name":"Scott Pudlewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6028-5974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482740","display_name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfrh333","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4388482740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Pudlewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4388482740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071876359","display_name":"Elizabeth Serena Bentley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0972-9933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Serena Bentley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006871792","display_name":"Jonathan Ashdown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-1095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan D. Ashdown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066897459"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6165,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67868487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"12","first_page":"7957","last_page":"7972"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7687333822250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrocell","display_name":"Macrocell","score":0.7657523155212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7306286096572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.7105323672294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.6315630078315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6111297607421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.5972881317138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.5748327970504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5526047945022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coverage-probability","display_name":"Coverage probability","score":0.538105845451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5312371253967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.43332940340042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radius","display_name":"RADIUS","score":0.419344425201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.3202476501464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2966841161251068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21536752581596375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.1369544267654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0924261212348938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7687333822250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778291847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163937","display_name":"Macrocell","level":3,"score":0.7657523155212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7306286096572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.7105323672294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.6315630078315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6111297607421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.5972881317138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.5748327970504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5526047945022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.538105845451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5312371253967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.43332940340042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.419344425201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3202476501464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2966841161251068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21536752581596375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.1369544267654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0924261212348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3018408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3018408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2687584503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1811720","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631335369","https://openalex.org/W1640283668","https://openalex.org/W2004560042","https://openalex.org/W2058180136","https://openalex.org/W2133685514","https://openalex.org/W2149170915","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2162975752","https://openalex.org/W2224070075","https://openalex.org/W2512297382","https://openalex.org/W2561533016","https://openalex.org/W2590050480","https://openalex.org/W2605261135","https://openalex.org/W2736208033","https://openalex.org/W2783241825","https://openalex.org/W2792378135","https://openalex.org/W2797684510","https://openalex.org/W2803726839","https://openalex.org/W2807012911","https://openalex.org/W2893955145","https://openalex.org/W2906618418","https://openalex.org/W2963368779","https://openalex.org/W2963755090","https://openalex.org/W2964267089","https://openalex.org/W2964324486","https://openalex.org/W2972491883","https://openalex.org/W3014106348","https://openalex.org/W3030504717","https://openalex.org/W3105072513","https://openalex.org/W3124012807","https://openalex.org/W4206136358","https://openalex.org/W4253871110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W568081520","https://openalex.org/W2287483826","https://openalex.org/W2794570086","https://openalex.org/W4225274345","https://openalex.org/W3039600855","https://openalex.org/W2314232061","https://openalex.org/W4299884498","https://openalex.org/W2952334673","https://openalex.org/W2096418620","https://openalex.org/W4318482790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"spectrum":[1,11,17,42],"sensing":[2],"(SSS)":[3],"enables":[4],"mobile":[5],"devices":[6],"to":[7,139],"sense":[8,40],"the":[9,15,26,41,48,76,81,97,103,118,122,141,144,149,163,176,184,190],"spatial":[10,98,104],"holes":[12,43],"and":[13,24,66,91,102,121,129],"reuse":[14],"scarce":[16],"opportunistically.":[18],"In":[19,47],"this":[20],"paper,":[21],"we":[22,116],"model":[23],"analyze":[25],"SSS":[27,135,173],"in":[28,60,171],"uplink":[29],"two-tier":[30,49],"user-centric":[31,50],"deployed":[32,51,59,72],"heterogeneous":[33],"networks":[34,153],"(HetNets)":[35],"where":[36],"secondary":[37],"users":[38,87],"(SUs)":[39],"of":[44,85,108,127,143,151,165,179,186],"cellular":[45,86,130,152],"users.":[46],"HetNets,":[52],"small":[53],"cell":[54],"base":[55,68],"stations":[56,69],"(SBSs)":[57],"are":[58,71,93,112],"hotspots":[61],"with":[62,89],"high":[63],"user":[64],"density,":[65],"macro":[67],"(MBSs)":[70],"uniformly.":[73],"Based":[74],"on":[75],"semi-static":[77],"power":[78,84],"control":[79],"mechanism,":[80],"average":[82],"transmit":[83],"associated":[88],"MBS":[90],"SBS":[92],"derived,":[94],"respectively.":[95,114],"Furthermore,":[96],"false":[99],"alarm":[100],"probability":[101,107,120,178],"miss":[105],"detection":[106],"a":[109,155,169],"typical":[110],"SU":[111,128],"obtained,":[113],"Moreover,":[115],"characterize":[117],"coverage":[119,177],"area":[123],"spectral":[124],"efficiency":[125],"(ASE)":[126],"networks.":[131],"The":[132],"SUs'":[133,172],"optimal":[134],"radius":[136,174],"is":[137,167],"obtained":[138],"maximize":[140],"ASE":[142,150,185],"entire":[145],"network":[146],"while":[147],"guaranteeing":[148],"above":[154],"certain":[156],"threshold.":[157],"Simulation":[158],"results":[159],"show":[160],"that":[161],"when":[162],"density":[164],"SUs":[166,187],"small,":[168],"decrease":[170],"reduces":[175],"SUs.":[180],"However,":[181],"it":[182],"improves":[183],"networks,":[188],"although":[189],"inter-SU":[191],"interference":[192],"increases.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}