{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036795615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3001012","title":"Offloading Decision in Edge Computing for Continuous Applications Under Uncertainty","display_name":"Offloading Decision in Edge Computing for Continuous Applications Under Uncertainty","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036795615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3001012","mag":"3036795615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3001012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3001012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101979336","display_name":"Wei Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-6633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-6633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009050006","display_name":"Yang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-3197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA","Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-3197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001879281","display_name":"Wenjing Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-4623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-4623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063484071","display_name":"Guochu Shou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-0246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guochu Shou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","[Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-0246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4072,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89052043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"9","first_page":"6196","last_page":"6209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8605285882949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.8187532424926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.6939924955368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5793560147285461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5474345684051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5403644442558289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5173646807670593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.499509334564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.4594503343105316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4387497305870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.42470628023147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34191954135894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.33391547203063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21303513646125793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08950984477996826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8605285882949829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.8187532424926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.6939924955368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5793560147285461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5474345684051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5403644442558289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5173646807670593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.499509334564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4594503343105316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4387497305870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.42470628023147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34191954135894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.33391547203063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21303513646125793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08950984477996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3001012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3001012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1834021097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B17007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3678498662","display_name":"EAGER: A Novel Approach to Achieve Real-time Wireless Network Optimization","funder_award_id":"1800650","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G698975709","display_name":"\u5149\u4e0e\u65e0\u7ebf\u878d\u5408\u63a5\u5165\u7f51\u865a\u62df\u5316\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61471053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486457878","https://openalex.org/W1569990960","https://openalex.org/W1762460359","https://openalex.org/W1904504745","https://openalex.org/W1972300623","https://openalex.org/W2021328726","https://openalex.org/W2049606892","https://openalex.org/W2080017588","https://openalex.org/W2081774887","https://openalex.org/W2082011829","https://openalex.org/W2101788345","https://openalex.org/W2126462381","https://openalex.org/W2136530738","https://openalex.org/W2143488688","https://openalex.org/W2144256528","https://openalex.org/W2195423816","https://openalex.org/W2344423009","https://openalex.org/W2397723600","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2516316490","https://openalex.org/W2516703745","https://openalex.org/W2561715836","https://openalex.org/W2585277580","https://openalex.org/W2586541704","https://openalex.org/W2593138756","https://openalex.org/W2593769694","https://openalex.org/W2594560857","https://openalex.org/W2599106590","https://openalex.org/W2608659040","https://openalex.org/W2609618253","https://openalex.org/W2617370571","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2747537200","https://openalex.org/W2748896792","https://openalex.org/W2762586323","https://openalex.org/W2777180355","https://openalex.org/W2778138942","https://openalex.org/W2786446607","https://openalex.org/W2790897827","https://openalex.org/W2797431058","https://openalex.org/W2800992211","https://openalex.org/W2900262992","https://openalex.org/W2948371065","https://openalex.org/W2951959299","https://openalex.org/W2953901595","https://openalex.org/W2963878829","https://openalex.org/W2964335916","https://openalex.org/W3009418239","https://openalex.org/W3012222590","https://openalex.org/W3037942232","https://openalex.org/W3103591951","https://openalex.org/W3106445841","https://openalex.org/W4243888862","https://openalex.org/W4253354373","https://openalex.org/W6628978358","https://openalex.org/W6733081455","https://openalex.org/W6774888228","https://openalex.org/W6780262229"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W3185499500","https://openalex.org/W3014317926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Edge":[0],"computing":[1,26],"(EC)":[2],"is":[3,39,123],"an":[4,106],"emerging":[5],"paradigm":[6],"to":[7,23,90,140],"push":[8],"sufficient":[9],"computation":[10,75,92],"resources":[11],"towards":[12],"the":[13,24,62,67,81,131,154,168,183,186],"network":[14],"edge,":[15],"improving":[16],"application":[17,31],"performance":[18],"significantly":[19],"by":[20],"offloading":[21,32,74,101,142,190],"applications":[22,45,50,120,165,196],"edge":[25],"node.":[27],"We":[28],"investigate":[29],"continuous":[30,44,49,59,119,164,195],"decision":[33,143,191],"in":[34,189,192],"EC,":[35],"for":[36,73,118,194],"which":[37],"it":[38],"uncertain":[40],"how":[41,47],"users":[42,117],"operate":[43],"and":[46,69,80],"long":[48],"last":[51],"before":[52],"completion.":[53],"That":[54],"means":[55],"some":[56],"characteristics":[57,146],"of":[58,64,76,83,93,147,163,177,185],"applications,":[60],"e.g.,":[61],"number":[63,82],"user":[65,78,95],"operations,":[66],"uploading":[68],"downloading":[70],"data":[71],"size":[72],"each":[77,94],"operation,":[79,96],"central":[84],"processing":[85],"unit":[86],"(CPU)":[87],"cycles":[88],"required":[89],"execute":[91],"are":[97],"unknown":[98],"when":[99],"making":[100],"decision.":[102],"In":[103],"this":[104,127],"scenario,":[105],"energy":[107,169],"consumption":[108,170],"constrained":[109],"average":[110,160],"response":[111,161],"time":[112,162],"minimization":[113],"problem":[114],"among":[115],"multiple":[116],"under":[121,197],"uncertainty":[122],"formulated.":[124],"To":[125],"tackle":[126],"problem,":[128],"we":[129],"propose":[130],"Response":[132],"Time-Improved":[133],"Offloading":[134],"algorithm":[135,156,188],"with":[136,144,172],"Energy":[137],"Constraint":[138],"(RTIOEC)":[139],"make":[141],"fewer":[145],"applications.":[148],"The":[149],"evaluation":[150],"results":[151,181],"show":[152],"that":[153],"RTIOEC":[155,187],"achieves":[157],"comparatively":[158],"short":[159],"while":[166],"satisfying":[167],"constraint":[171],"a":[173],"predefined":[174],"upper":[175],"bound":[176],"violation":[178],"probability.":[179],"Our":[180],"demonstrate":[182],"practicality":[184],"EC":[193],"uncertainty.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}