{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946612591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.2972352","title":"ViterbiNet: A Deep Learning Based Viterbi Algorithm for Symbol Detection","display_name":"ViterbiNet: A Deep Learning Based Viterbi Algorithm for Symbol Detection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946612591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.2972352","mag":"2946612591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.2972352","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.2972352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.10750","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012405763","display_name":"Nir Shlezinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-929X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nir Shlezinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Math and CS, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel","[Faculty of Math and CS, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Math and CS, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Faculty of Math and CS, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042862413","display_name":"Nariman Farsad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0157-1596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nariman Farsad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EE, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","Weizmann institute of science;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EE, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weizmann institute of science;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005913897","display_name":"Yonina C. Eldar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-5304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonina C. Eldar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Math and CS, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel","Stanford University ()"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Math and CS, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074116801","display_name":"Andrea Goldsmith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-800X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea J. Goldsmith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EE, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","Stanford University ()"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EE, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012405763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6797,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75601539,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5","first_page":"3319","last_page":"3331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","score":0.9055612087249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8281751871109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-output-viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Soft output Viterbi algorithm","score":0.596441388130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5904757380485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5578345060348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.557473361492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbol","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","score":0.4799795150756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-viterbi-decoding","display_name":"Iterative Viterbi decoding","score":0.44470301270484924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.44129160046577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4263145923614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42629849910736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39230841398239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.20623084902763367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17118659615516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.15162941813468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.14371266961097717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-decoding","display_name":"Sequential decoding","score":0.07932537794113159}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.9055612087249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8281751871109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130319729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Soft output Viterbi algorithm","level":5,"score":0.596441388130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5904757380485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5578345060348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.557473361492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.4799795150756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113638808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094410","display_name":"Iterative Viterbi decoding","level":5,"score":0.44470301270484924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.44129160046577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4263145923614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42629849910736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39230841398239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.20623084902763367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17118659615516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.15162941813468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.14371266961097717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193969084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452500","display_name":"Sequential decoding","level":4,"score":0.07932537794113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2020.2972352","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.2972352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1905.10750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10750","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.10750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2946612591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.10750v2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.10750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.10750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1905.10750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10750","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.10750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2980324335","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18-1-2191","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4107925896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0100101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","funder_display_name":"Israel Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5585385647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2026094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320950","funder_display_name":"United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320950","display_name":"United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00j8z2m73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","display_name":"Israel Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sazxf24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946612591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946612591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1485823550","https://openalex.org/W1495565530","https://openalex.org/W1562979145","https://openalex.org/W1579271636","https://openalex.org/W1579853615","https://openalex.org/W1617627375","https://openalex.org/W1831449718","https://openalex.org/W1985352329","https://openalex.org/W1991133427","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2014268383","https://openalex.org/W2033646043","https://openalex.org/W2045407304","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2083881824","https://openalex.org/W2091118421","https://openalex.org/W2106929598","https://openalex.org/W2118103795","https://openalex.org/W2118263817","https://openalex.org/W2121729458","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2159568790","https://openalex.org/W2170486393","https://openalex.org/W2423557781","https://openalex.org/W2584943905","https://openalex.org/W2595396246","https://openalex.org/W2610335499","https://openalex.org/W2666368276","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2736402963","https://openalex.org/W2786361328","https://openalex.org/W2787490206","https://openalex.org/W2791908596","https://openalex.org/W2807731816","https://openalex.org/W2885033069","https://openalex.org/W2902355249","https://openalex.org/W2905156765","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2922367577","https://openalex.org/W2937201265","https://openalex.org/W2940798501","https://openalex.org/W2947343518","https://openalex.org/W2949382160","https://openalex.org/W2962708058","https://openalex.org/W2962782499","https://openalex.org/W2962956060","https://openalex.org/W2963636093","https://openalex.org/W2974170798","https://openalex.org/W3097158613","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6634817459","https://openalex.org/W6638670064","https://openalex.org/W6677645113","https://openalex.org/W6683170660","https://openalex.org/W6747916894","https://openalex.org/W6756963044","https://openalex.org/W6771584377","https://openalex.org/W6773640128","https://openalex.org/W6774157011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006643426","https://openalex.org/W3111000293","https://openalex.org/W3006475512","https://openalex.org/W3137188286","https://openalex.org/W3092379727","https://openalex.org/W3100214030","https://openalex.org/W3094341901","https://openalex.org/W3096423797","https://openalex.org/W3132913115","https://openalex.org/W2948546237","https://openalex.org/W3114891137","https://openalex.org/W3006760583","https://openalex.org/W2071520641","https://openalex.org/W2959557487","https://openalex.org/W3021938159","https://openalex.org/W3040126051","https://openalex.org/W3203664723","https://openalex.org/W3110397347","https://openalex.org/W3048309201","https://openalex.org/W3015809026"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Symbol":[0],"detection":[1],"plays":[2],"an":[3],"important":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,163],"the":[7,42,47,51,57,70,73,93,114,122,127,176],"implementation":[8],"of":[9,50,72,116,121,126,134,179],"digital":[10],"receivers.":[11],"In":[12],"this":[13],"work,":[14],"we":[15],"propose":[16,79],"ViterbiNet,":[17,117],"which":[18,118],"is":[19,33,119,132,152],"a":[20,62,80],"data-driven":[21],"symbol":[22],"detector":[23],"that":[24,54,113,125,183],"does":[25],"not":[26],"require":[27],"channel":[28,58,98,165],"state":[29],"information":[30],"(CSI).":[31],"ViterbiNet":[32,86,151],"obtained":[34],"by":[35],"integrating":[36],"deep":[37],"neural":[38],"networks":[39],"(DNNs)":[40],"into":[41,186],"Viterbi":[43,52,129,149],"algorithm.":[44],"We":[45,77],"identify":[46],"specific":[48],"parts":[49],"algorithm":[53,74],"depend":[55],"on":[56,89],"model,":[59],"and":[60,131,157],"design":[61],"DNN":[63],"to":[64,84,95,154],"implement":[65],"only":[66],"those":[67],"computations,":[68],"leaving":[69],"rest":[71],"structure":[75],"intact.":[76],"then":[78],"meta-learning":[81],"based":[82,88],"approach":[83],"train":[85],"online":[87],"recent":[90],"decisions,":[91],"allowing":[92],"receiver":[94],"track":[96],"dynamic":[97],"conditions":[99],"without":[100,138],"requiring":[101],"new":[102],"training":[103,144],"samples":[104],"for":[105],"every":[106],"coherence":[107],"block.":[108],"Our":[109],"numerical":[110],"evaluations":[111],"demonstrate":[112,175],"performance":[115],"ignorant":[120],"CSI,":[123],"approaches":[124],"CSI-based":[128],"algorithm,":[130],"capable":[133],"tracking":[135],"time-varying":[136],"channels":[137],"needing":[139],"instantaneous":[140],"CSI":[141,155],"or":[142],"additional":[143],"data.":[145],"Moreover,":[146],"unlike":[147],"conventional":[148],"detection,":[150],"robust":[153],"uncertainty,":[156],"it":[158],"can":[159],"be":[160],"reliably":[161],"implemented":[162],"complex":[164],"models":[166],"with":[167],"constrained":[168],"computational":[169],"burden.":[170],"More":[171],"broadly,":[172],"our":[173],"results":[174],"conceptual":[177],"benefit":[178],"designing":[180],"communication":[181],"systems":[182],"integrate":[184],"DNNs":[185],"established":[187],"algorithms.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
