{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804119529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2948841","title":"Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Zero-Forcing Detector","display_name":"Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Zero-Forcing Detector","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804119529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2948841","mag":"2804119529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2948841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2948841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.10621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057109807","display_name":"Pei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-8009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060943605","display_name":"Kai Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6989-7248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392728","display_name":"Da Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-1512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100678341","display_name":"Tao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8482-1046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057109807"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116","https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0089,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":148,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98669807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"795","last_page":"807"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7760835886001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.6220369935035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6076026558876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5388744473457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5023562908172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.47148558497428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.36316704750061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30316558480262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2875680923461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.28263354301452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.20816195011138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.20326605439186096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7760835886001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.6220369935035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6076026558876038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5388744473457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5023562908172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.47148558497428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.36316704750061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30316558480262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2875680923461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.28263354301452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.20816195011138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.20326605439186096}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2948841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2948841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1805.10621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.10621","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.10621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1805.10621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.10621","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.10621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2708385054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61631015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5237909679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61729101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5959693143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G86993181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015ZDTD012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W628038458","https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1586554030","https://openalex.org/W1671114372","https://openalex.org/W1829169350","https://openalex.org/W1870121198","https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1965607265","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W2018056314","https://openalex.org/W2022696420","https://openalex.org/W2072184935","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2106929598","https://openalex.org/W2114731473","https://openalex.org/W2130509920","https://openalex.org/W2139904992","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2309773735","https://openalex.org/W2338333133","https://openalex.org/W2492051176","https://openalex.org/W2523426484","https://openalex.org/W2531116295","https://openalex.org/W2586958627","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2607478241","https://openalex.org/W2610350904","https://openalex.org/W2739040955","https://openalex.org/W2751377488","https://openalex.org/W2753160534","https://openalex.org/W2769052255","https://openalex.org/W2782647035","https://openalex.org/W2794169490","https://openalex.org/W2919337008","https://openalex.org/W2963008748","https://openalex.org/W2963754408","https://openalex.org/W2964037590","https://openalex.org/W2964121147","https://openalex.org/W3102629668","https://openalex.org/W3103033418","https://openalex.org/W3106015735","https://openalex.org/W3145128584","https://openalex.org/W4230311239","https://openalex.org/W4246219036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W4388081250","https://openalex.org/W2134916061","https://openalex.org/W4393237428","https://openalex.org/W2601693592","https://openalex.org/W2155567810","https://openalex.org/W3010469571","https://openalex.org/W2463053673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"firstly":[4],"derive":[5],"two":[6,64,79],"approximations":[7,30,65,80,100],"of":[8,76,131,160],"the":[9,14,35,41,51,62,73,77,85,93,117,129,135,143,152,164,170],"achievable":[10],"uplink":[11],"rate":[12],"with":[13,66,81,101,169],"perfect/imperfect":[15,102],"channel":[16],"state":[17],"information":[18],"(CSI)":[19],"in":[20,34,45],"cell-free":[21,153],"massive":[22,47,154,166],"multi-input":[23],"multi-output":[24],"(MIMO)":[25],"systems,":[26],"and":[27,134],"all":[28,98],"these":[29,148],"are":[31,55],"not":[32],"only":[33],"simple,":[36],"but":[37],"also":[38],"converge":[39],"into":[40],"classical":[42],"bounds":[43],"achieved":[44],"conventional":[46,165],"MIMO":[48,155,167],"systems":[49],"where":[50,126],"base-station":[52],"(BS)":[53],"antennas":[54,133],"co-located.":[56],"It":[57],"is":[58,128],"worth":[59],"noting":[60],"that":[61,97,151],"obtained":[63,78,99],"perfect":[67],"CSI":[68,83,103],"could":[69],"be":[70],"regarded":[71],"as":[72],"special":[74],"cases":[75],"imperfect":[82],"when":[84],"pilot":[86],"sequence":[87],"power":[88],"becomes":[89],"infinite,":[90],"respectively.":[91],"Moreover,":[92],"theory":[94],"analysis":[95],"shows":[96],"have":[104],"an":[105],"asymptotic":[106],"lower":[107],"bound":[108,173],"\u03b1/2":[109],"log":[110,174],"<sub":[111,175],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[112,176],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[113,177],"L":[114,127],"thanks":[115],"to":[116],"extra":[118],"distance":[119],"diversity":[120],"offered":[121],"by":[122],"massively":[123],"distributed":[124],"antennas,":[125],"number":[130],"BS":[132],"path-loss":[136],"factor":[137],"\u03b1":[138],">":[139],"2,":[140],"except":[141],"for":[142],"free":[144],"space":[145],"environment.":[146],"Obviously,":[147],"results":[149],"indicate":[150],"system":[156,168],"has":[157],"huge":[158],"potential":[159],"spectral":[161],"efficiency":[162],"than":[163],"asymptotically":[171],"tight":[172],"L.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2018-06-01T00:00:00"}