{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980761536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2946797","title":"Dynamic Service Function Chain Embedding for NFV-Enabled IoT: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Dynamic Service Function Chain Embedding for NFV-Enabled IoT: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980761536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2946797","mag":"2980761536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2946797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2946797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011062160","display_name":"Xiaoyuan Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2963-4771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyuan Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420016","display_name":"F. Richard Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Richard Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432460","display_name":"Jingyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-2228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406584","display_name":"Qi Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-4624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055685073","display_name":"Jianxin Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1486-0573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxin Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011062160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.6714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":126,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98830264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"507","last_page":"519"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8335238695144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6561185717582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.631912887096405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6260339617729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.5982422828674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5476613640785217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.5369647741317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5027754306793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-network-analysis","display_name":"Dynamic network analysis","score":0.47050756216049194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.46166542172431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.43287843465805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25417202711105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.14352557063102722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8335238695144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6561185717582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.631912887096405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6260339617729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.5982422828674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5476613640785217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.5369647741317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5027754306793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13540734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318996","display_name":"Dynamic network analysis","level":2,"score":0.47050756216049194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.46166542172431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43287843465805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25417202711105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.14352557063102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2946797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2946797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G158050311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61671079","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262378678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4182041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4669535195","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61471063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5092157715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018934112","https://openalex.org/W2027545174","https://openalex.org/W2105808107","https://openalex.org/W2125448478","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2183137222","https://openalex.org/W2260783129","https://openalex.org/W2473283431","https://openalex.org/W2550384411","https://openalex.org/W2587634413","https://openalex.org/W2591732478","https://openalex.org/W2599796255","https://openalex.org/W2734506266","https://openalex.org/W2744008461","https://openalex.org/W2754790691","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2772221637","https://openalex.org/W2772526503","https://openalex.org/W2786309777","https://openalex.org/W2789310914","https://openalex.org/W2791258732","https://openalex.org/W2791363235","https://openalex.org/W2792866491","https://openalex.org/W2793855276","https://openalex.org/W2800992211","https://openalex.org/W2804985843","https://openalex.org/W2884011200","https://openalex.org/W2884558122","https://openalex.org/W2885872367","https://openalex.org/W2895216609","https://openalex.org/W2896446456","https://openalex.org/W2896800240","https://openalex.org/W2898652425","https://openalex.org/W2913127416","https://openalex.org/W2917452308","https://openalex.org/W2920054549","https://openalex.org/W2943466984","https://openalex.org/W2963317745","https://openalex.org/W2964054168","https://openalex.org/W3099148196","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W4252214219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2086397253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,183],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,31,51,66,81,88,103,109,179,189],"things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"is":[5,62,93,157],"becoming":[6,94],"more":[7,9,129],"and":[8,11,18,44,106,135,154,167],"flexible":[10,41],"economical":[12],"with":[13,27,151],"the":[14,28,49,79,85,100,107,117,187,190],"advancement":[15],"in":[16,172],"information":[17],"communication":[19],"technologies.":[20],"However,":[21,84],"IoT":[22,32,52,56,82,91,104,110,136,180],"networks":[23,92,105],"will":[24],"be":[25],"ultra-dense":[26],"explosive":[29],"growth":[30],"devices.":[33],"Network":[34],"function":[35,59,124],"virtualization":[36],"(NFV)":[37],"emerges":[38],"to":[39,74,90,99,127],"provide":[40],"network":[42,68,123,137,156,181],"frameworks":[43],"efficient":[45],"resource":[46],"management":[47],"for":[48],"performance":[50],"networks.":[53],"In":[54,112,142],"NFV-enabled":[55],"infrastructure,":[57],"service":[58],"chain":[60],"(SFC)":[61],"an":[63],"ordered":[64],"combination":[65],"virtual":[67,122],"functions":[69],"(VNFs)":[70],"that":[71,162],"are":[72,139],"related":[73],"each":[75],"other":[76],"based":[77,149],"on":[78],"logic":[80],"applications.":[83],"embedding":[86,170,194],"process":[87],"SFC":[89,169,193],"a":[95,144,160],"big":[96],"challenge":[97],"due":[98],"dynamic":[101,168,192],"nature":[102],"abundance":[108],"terminals.":[111],"this":[113],"paper,":[114],"we":[115],"decompose":[116],"complex":[118,166],"VNFs":[119],"into":[120],"smaller":[121],"components":[125],"(VNFCs)":[126],"make":[128],"effective":[130],"decisions":[131],"since":[132],"VNF":[133],"nodes":[134],"devices":[138],"usually":[140],"heterogeneous.":[141],"addition,":[143],"deep":[145],"reinforcement":[146],"learning":[147],"(DRL)":[148],"scheme":[150],"experience":[152],"replay":[153],"target":[155],"proposed":[158,191],"as":[159],"solution":[161],"can":[163],"efficiently":[164],"handle":[165],"scenarios":[171],"IoT.":[173],"Our":[174],"simulations":[175],"consider":[176],"different":[177],"types":[178],"topologies.":[182],"simulation":[184],"results":[185],"present":[186],"efficiency":[188],"scheme.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
