{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2914312307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2898002","title":"Learning-Aided Multiple Time-Scale SON Function Coordination in Ultra-Dense Small-Cell Networks","display_name":"Learning-Aided Multiple Time-Scale SON Function Coordination in Ultra-Dense Small-Cell Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2914312307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2898002","mag":"2914312307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2898002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2898002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068732231","display_name":"Meng Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-2245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019050606","display_name":"Qinghai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0636-3681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050651525","display_name":"Nan Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-2071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunication Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Telecommunication Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunication Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunication Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966046","display_name":"Jinglei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2604-5827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinglei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019816168","display_name":"Weihua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8656-1930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074697921","display_name":"Ramesh R. Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-0208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh R. Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["CALIT2, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CALIT2, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100773343","display_name":"Xuemin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068732231"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0269,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86804813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"2080","last_page":"2092"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6532755494117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.507070779800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.410581111907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3237919807434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12389007210731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.10238391160964966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6532755494117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.507070779800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.410581111907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3237919807434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12389007210731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10238391160964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2898002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2898002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1595715893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B08038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4711425771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701371","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6458487934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1A2B2012337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6985508518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61471287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8608808607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91638204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W565267543","https://openalex.org/W1962433415","https://openalex.org/W1974186519","https://openalex.org/W2009804798","https://openalex.org/W2010585744","https://openalex.org/W2073095931","https://openalex.org/W2083313960","https://openalex.org/W2101130703","https://openalex.org/W2121111990","https://openalex.org/W2125890412","https://openalex.org/W2148481186","https://openalex.org/W2151854870","https://openalex.org/W2160160578","https://openalex.org/W2292104957","https://openalex.org/W2296150051","https://openalex.org/W2329627572","https://openalex.org/W2342533939","https://openalex.org/W2343259917","https://openalex.org/W2400614828","https://openalex.org/W2547415910","https://openalex.org/W2565006596","https://openalex.org/W2565934864","https://openalex.org/W2567083735","https://openalex.org/W2595019094","https://openalex.org/W2596456786","https://openalex.org/W2725221170","https://openalex.org/W2735406838","https://openalex.org/W2735793369","https://openalex.org/W2740524828","https://openalex.org/W2768526075","https://openalex.org/W2782974900","https://openalex.org/W2789250945","https://openalex.org/W2792323309","https://openalex.org/W2796983431","https://openalex.org/W2917237255","https://openalex.org/W2962990479","https://openalex.org/W2963103668","https://openalex.org/W3099805661","https://openalex.org/W3100008538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,158],"satisfy":[1],"the":[2,9,19,32,56,79,108,121,128,141,165,189,196],"high":[3],"requirements":[4,204],"on":[5,120],"operation":[6],"efficiency":[7],"in":[8,104,113,124,140,209],"5G":[10],"network,":[11],"self-organizing":[12],"network":[13,20,33,52,129,182,197],"(SON)":[14],"is":[15,145],"envisioned":[16],"to":[17,48,126,147],"reduce":[18],"operating":[21],"complexity":[22],"and":[23,43,51,132,176],"costs":[24],"by":[25,153],"providing":[26],"SON":[27,37,59,85,101,111,138,191],"functions,":[28],"which":[29,46],"can":[30],"optimize":[31],"autonomously.":[34],"However,":[35],"different":[36,40,84,200],"functions":[38,139,171],"have":[39],"time":[41,81,118],"scales":[42,82,119],"inconsistent":[44],"objectives,":[45],"leads":[47],"conflicting":[49],"operations":[50,208],"performance":[53],"degradation,":[54],"raising":[55],"needs":[57],"for":[58,74,137],"coordination":[60,70,192],"solutions.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65,88,162],"devise":[66],"a":[67,90,134,149],"multiple":[68],"time-scale":[69,96,106],"management":[71,179],"scheme":[72,144,168,193],"(MTCS)":[73],"densely":[75],"deployed":[76],"SONs,":[77],"considering":[78],"specific":[80],"of":[83,110,172,202],"functions.":[86],"Specifically,":[87],"propose":[89],"novel":[91],"analytical":[92],"model":[93],"named":[94],"M":[95,115],"Markov":[97],"decision":[98],"process,":[99],"where":[100],"decisions":[102,112],"made":[103],"each":[105],"consider":[107],"impacts":[109],"other":[114],"-":[116],"1":[117],"network.":[122],"Furthermore,":[123],"order":[125],"manage":[127],"more":[130],"autonomously":[131],"efficiently,":[133],"Q-learning":[135],"algorithm":[136],"proposed":[142,146,166,190],"MTCS":[143,167],"achieve":[148],"stable":[150,207],"control":[151],"policy":[152],"learning":[154],"from":[155],"history":[156],"experience.":[157],"improve":[159],"energy":[160,177],"efficiency,":[161],"then":[163],"evaluate":[164],"with":[169,180,199],"two":[170],"mobility":[173],"load":[174],"balancing":[175],"saving":[178],"designed":[181],"utility.":[183],"The":[184],"simulation":[185],"results":[186],"show":[187],"that":[188],"significantly":[194],"improves":[195],"utility":[198],"quality":[201],"experience":[203],"while":[205],"guaranteeing":[206],"wireless":[210],"networks.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}