{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963483367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2897296","title":"Optimal Base Station Antenna Downtilt in Downlink Cellular Networks","display_name":"Optimal Base Station Antenna Downtilt in Downlink Cellular Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963483367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2897296","mag":"2963483367"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2897296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2897296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028469118","display_name":"Junnan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-2490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junnan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-2490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075722123","display_name":"Ming Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-0321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, CSIRO, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-0321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036000787","display_name":"Guoqiang Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-4949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqiang Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-4949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020329725","display_name":"Zihuai Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-0411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihuai Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-0411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070747390","display_name":"Degan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3504-1323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De-Gan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Lab of Computer Vision and System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3504-1323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Computer Vision and System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040978564","display_name":"Tom H. Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom H. Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.7146,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":145,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99151911,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"1779","last_page":"1791"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7415435314178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6836800575256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.6112391948699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6083859205245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5846695303916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.572977602481842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.5563077926635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-height-considerations","display_name":"Antenna height considerations","score":0.5253702402114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.45039692521095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.4495965242385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.41559749841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3822810649871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3785993456840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.34127479791641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2115909457206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1779264509677887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16722798347473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1638316512107849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7415435314178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6836800575256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.6112391948699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6083859205245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5846695303916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.572977602481842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5563077926635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155050386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068623","display_name":"Antenna height considerations","level":3,"score":0.5253702402114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.45039692521095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4495965242385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.41559749841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3822810649871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3785993456840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.34127479791641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2115909457206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1779264509677887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16722798347473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1638316512107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2019.2897296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2897296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1801783838","https://openalex.org/W1984714570","https://openalex.org/W2025485250","https://openalex.org/W2031858701","https://openalex.org/W2034592902","https://openalex.org/W2045071813","https://openalex.org/W2069809711","https://openalex.org/W2102050507","https://openalex.org/W2111779408","https://openalex.org/W2125986229","https://openalex.org/W2134686390","https://openalex.org/W2137079066","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2158979704","https://openalex.org/W2191948661","https://openalex.org/W2261127636","https://openalex.org/W2289668686","https://openalex.org/W2319812433","https://openalex.org/W2518508454","https://openalex.org/W2523186469","https://openalex.org/W2553977658","https://openalex.org/W2574472802","https://openalex.org/W2604869460","https://openalex.org/W2754076034","https://openalex.org/W2794133043","https://openalex.org/W2809232290","https://openalex.org/W2963171323","https://openalex.org/W2963699990","https://openalex.org/W2964233444","https://openalex.org/W3100082866","https://openalex.org/W3100850546","https://openalex.org/W3101570866","https://openalex.org/W3103727043","https://openalex.org/W3104214983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2786534237","https://openalex.org/W2583418925","https://openalex.org/W3125936868","https://openalex.org/W2980078855","https://openalex.org/W2982073957","https://openalex.org/W2584407738","https://openalex.org/W2089445020","https://openalex.org/W2962706271","https://openalex.org/W2256562079","https://openalex.org/W2118396577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Very":[0],"recent":[1],"studies":[2],"showed":[3],"that":[4,133,172],"the":[5,23,32,54,64,80,83,106,109,114,121,125,142,165,175,179,188,203,213],"area":[6],"spectral":[7],"efficiency":[8],"(ASE)":[9],"of":[10,82,120,164,198,202],"downlink":[11,115],"cellular":[12,69],"networks":[13],"will":[14],"continuously":[15],"decrease":[16],"and":[17,39,86,113,124,186],"finally":[18],"crash":[19,190],"to":[20,52,74,78,97,140,217],"zero":[21],"as":[22,53],"base":[24],"station":[25],"(BS)":[26],"density":[27],"increases":[28],"toward":[29],"infinity":[30],"if":[31],"absolute":[33],"height":[34],"difference":[35],"between":[36,108],"BS":[37,65,110,148,166,204,224],"antenna":[38,42,66,76,111,138,158,177],"user":[40],"equipment":[41],"is":[43,50,72,161],"larger":[44],"than":[45],"zero.":[46],"Such":[47],"a":[48,162,222],"phenomenon":[49],"referred":[51],"ASE":[55,189],"crash.":[56],"We":[57],"revisit":[58],"this":[59],"issue":[60],"by":[61,194],"considering":[62],"optimizing":[63],"downtilt":[67,112,139,215],"in":[68,118,200],"networks.":[70],"It":[71],"common":[73],"adjust":[75],"pattern":[77],"tune":[79],"direction":[81],"vertical":[84],"beamforming":[85],"thus":[87],"increasing":[88],"received":[89],"signal":[90],"power":[91,96],"and/or":[92],"reducing":[93],"inter-cell":[94],"interference":[95],"improve":[98],"network":[99,116,180,219],"performance.":[100],"This":[101],"paper":[102],"focuses":[103],"on":[104,211],"investigating":[105],"relationship":[107],"performance":[117,181,220],"terms":[119,201],"coverage":[122,144],"probability":[123,145],"ASE.":[126],"Our":[127,168,206],"results":[128,170,207],"reveal":[129],"an":[130,136],"interesting":[131],"find":[132],"there":[134],"exists":[135],"optimal":[137,157,176],"achieve":[141],"maximum":[143],"for":[146,155],"each":[147],"density.":[149,167,205,225],"Numerically":[150],"solvable":[151],"expressions":[152],"are":[153],"derived":[154],"such":[156],"downtilt,":[159,178],"which":[160],"function":[163],"numerical":[169],"show":[171],"after":[173],"applying":[174],"can":[182,191],"be":[183,192],"significantly":[184],"improved,":[185],"hence":[187],"delayed":[193],"nearly":[195],"one":[196],"order":[197],"magnitude":[199],"also":[208],"give":[209],"guidance":[210],"setting":[212],"optimum":[214],"angle":[216],"maximize":[218],"given":[221],"fixed":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
