{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2594045169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2840136","title":"Single-Anchor Localization and Orientation Performance Limits Using Massive Arrays: MIMO <i>vs.</i> Beamforming","display_name":"Single-Anchor Localization and Orientation Performance Limits Using Massive Arrays: MIMO <i>vs.</i> Beamforming","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2594045169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2840136","mag":"2594045169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2018.2840136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2840136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/651718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051183155","display_name":"Anna Guerra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-1444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801039369","display_name":"Marconi University","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0rk173","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098188","display_name":"Laboratori Guglielmo Marconi (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3vad87","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Guerra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Energia Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione \"Guglielmo Marconi\", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-1444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Energia Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369","https://openalex.org/I4210098188","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione \"Guglielmo Marconi\", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369","https://openalex.org/I4210098188","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011461243","display_name":"Francesco Guidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1773-8541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801039369","display_name":"Marconi University","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0rk173","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098188","display_name":"Laboratori Guglielmo Marconi (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3vad87","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Guidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Energia Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione \"Guglielmo Marconi\", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1773-8541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Energia Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369","https://openalex.org/I4210098188","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione \"Guglielmo Marconi\", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369","https://openalex.org/I4210098188","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064176463","display_name":"Davide Dardari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5994-1310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801039369","display_name":"Marconi University","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0rk173","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098188","display_name":"Laboratori Guglielmo Marconi (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3vad87","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Dardari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Energia Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione \"Guglielmo Marconi\", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5994-1310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Energia Elettrica e dell\u2019Informazione \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369","https://openalex.org/I4210098188","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione \"Guglielmo Marconi\", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801039369","https://openalex.org/I4210098188","https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4066,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":136,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97899415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"8","first_page":"5241","last_page":"5255"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8376023173332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7420544028282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6784255504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6397815346717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-gain","display_name":"Diversity gain","score":0.6308743953704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.48687759041786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-gain","display_name":"Array gain","score":0.4701423943042755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4120282530784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4071354269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.38706591725349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37147414684295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.32135018706321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1133711040019989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8376023173332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7420544028282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6784255504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6397815346717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.6308743953704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.48687759041786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136664719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4795880","display_name":"Array gain","level":4,"score":0.4701423943042755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4120282530784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4071354269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.38706591725349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37147414684295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.32135018706321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1133711040019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2018.2840136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2840136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/651718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/651718","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/651718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/651718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/651718","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/651718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2558614216","display_name":"High-Accuracy Indoor Tracking and Augmented Sensing using Swarms of UAVs","funder_award_id":"793581","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5937589500","display_name":"Advanced measures to reduce cyclists' fatalities and increase comfort in the interaction with motorised vehicles","funder_award_id":"635975","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7213455091","display_name":"Millimeter Wave Massive Arrays enabling RFID/Radar Applications on 5G Smartphones","funder_award_id":"659067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8030572905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"nr 635975","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2594045169.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2594045169.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500551892","https://openalex.org/W1547144619","https://openalex.org/W1694992579","https://openalex.org/W1965665622","https://openalex.org/W2003321974","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2027473844","https://openalex.org/W2028082528","https://openalex.org/W2038946940","https://openalex.org/W2060821616","https://openalex.org/W2083506609","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2100758588","https://openalex.org/W2101764391","https://openalex.org/W2114559638","https://openalex.org/W2117206394","https://openalex.org/W2124843695","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2135915867","https://openalex.org/W2140855769","https://openalex.org/W2141077315","https://openalex.org/W2143229717","https://openalex.org/W2146002389","https://openalex.org/W2146881125","https://openalex.org/W2156668452","https://openalex.org/W2168626963","https://openalex.org/W2171884936","https://openalex.org/W2210387432","https://openalex.org/W2240745082","https://openalex.org/W2292367606","https://openalex.org/W2296150501","https://openalex.org/W2319338832","https://openalex.org/W2389510147","https://openalex.org/W2469797310","https://openalex.org/W2550700593","https://openalex.org/W2725848324","https://openalex.org/W2727286692","https://openalex.org/W2738461861","https://openalex.org/W2901291343","https://openalex.org/W3098870078","https://openalex.org/W3105951068","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W3140440502","https://openalex.org/W6756128640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186911381","https://openalex.org/W2919203996","https://openalex.org/W2134293600","https://openalex.org/W2098218324","https://openalex.org/W2522690394","https://openalex.org/W172633010","https://openalex.org/W2363346776","https://openalex.org/W2121581240","https://openalex.org/W2120169929","https://openalex.org/W240709090"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,62],"the":[1,27,40,52,55,70,81,94,97,102,108,164,170,175,180,190,195],"next":[2],"generation":[3],"of":[4,29,42,58,96,110,120,147,167,197,201],"cellular":[5],"networks,":[6],"it":[7],"is":[8],"desirable":[9],"to":[10,26],"use":[11],"single":[12],"access":[13,82],"points":[14],"both":[15,79],"for":[16,47,54,117],"communication":[17],"and":[18,33,37,72,84,106,142,151,169,184,204],"localization.":[19],"This":[20],"could":[21],"be":[22,113],"made":[23,114],"possible":[24],"thanks":[25],"combination":[28],"femtocells,":[30],"mm-wave":[31],"technology":[32],"massive":[34,77,103],"antenna":[35],"arrays,":[36],"would":[38],"overcome":[39],"problem":[41],"having":[43],"an":[44],"over-sized":[45],"infrastructure":[46],"positioning":[48],"which":[49,144],"is,":[50],"nowadays,":[51],"bottleneck":[53],"widespread":[56],"diffusion":[57],"indoor":[59],"localization":[60,71,202],"systems.":[61],"this":[63,88],"context,":[64],"our":[65],"paper":[66],"aims":[67],"at":[68,80],"investigating":[69],"orientation":[73],"performance":[74],"limits":[75],"employing":[76],"arrays":[78],"point":[83],"mobile":[85],"side.":[86],"To":[87],"end,":[89],"we":[90,124],"first":[91],"asymptotically":[92],"demonstrate":[93],"tightness":[95],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[98],"bound":[99],"(CRB)":[100],"in":[101,199],"array":[104,153],"regime":[105],"that":[107],"effect":[109],"multipath":[111,205],"can":[112],"negligible":[115],"even":[116],"practical":[118],"values":[119],"SNR":[121],"levels.":[122],"Successively,":[123],"propose":[125],"a":[126,161],"comparison":[127],"between":[128,163,182],"two":[129],"different":[130],"transmitter":[131],"configurations,":[132],"namely":[133],"multiple-input":[134],"multiple-output":[135],"(MIMO),":[136],"where":[137],"orthogonal":[138],"waveforms":[139,150],"are":[140],"sent,":[141],"beamforming,":[143],"takes":[145],"advantage":[146],"highly":[148],"correlated":[149],"directive":[152],"patterns.":[154],"We":[155],"also":[156],"consider":[157],"random":[158],"weighting":[159],"as":[160,187,189],"trade-off":[162],"diversity":[165,183],"gain":[166,186],"MIMO":[168],"high":[171],"directivity":[172],"guaranteed":[173],"by":[174,193],"beamforming.":[176],"CRB":[177],"results":[178],"show":[179],"interplay":[181],"beamforming":[185],"well":[188],"benefits":[191],"achievable":[192],"varying":[194],"number":[196],"antennas":[198],"terms":[200],"accuracy":[203],"mitigation.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2017-03-16T00:00:00"}
