{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2792347854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2811472","title":"Downlink Beamforming for Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Networks With Massive MIMO and Small Cells","display_name":"Downlink Beamforming for Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Networks With Massive MIMO and Small Cells","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2792347854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2811472","mag":"2792347854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2018.2811472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2811472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/163585532/MassMIMO_HetNet_27_02_18_Final.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055510228","display_name":"Long D. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-257X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long D. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, U.K","School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046645515","display_name":"Hoang Duong Tuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-6061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoang Duong Tuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049089848","display_name":"Trung Q. Duong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trung Q. Duong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, U.K","School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077149719","display_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada","Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Vincent Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3026,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96136321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"3386","last_page":"3400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrocell","display_name":"Macrocell","score":0.8706088066101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7543043494224548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7196363210678101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.710045337677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.6915087103843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6493436694145203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.6425673961639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6250338554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5790424346923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5745187997817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/femtocell","display_name":"Femtocell","score":0.5597086548805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.547954261302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-multiplexing","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","score":0.4648992121219635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.31784337759017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2636951208114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2582353949546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1718732714653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.13191089034080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12563133239746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.06615394353866577}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778291847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163937","display_name":"Macrocell","level":3,"score":0.8706088066101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7543043494224548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7196363210678101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.710045337677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.6915087103843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6493436694145203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.6425673961639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6250338554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5790424346923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5745187997817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152504517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572455","display_name":"Femtocell","level":3,"score":0.5597086548805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.547954261302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.4648992121219635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.31784337759017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2636951208114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2582353949546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1718732714653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.13191089034080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12563133239746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.06615394353866577}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2018.2811472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2811472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/20a2b8ba-433c-486c-882b-851f10d67ccc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/20a2b8ba-433c-486c-882b-851f10d67ccc","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/163585532/MassMIMO_HetNet_27_02_18_Final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nguyen, L, Tuan, H D, Duong, Q, Dobre, O A & Poor, H V 2018, 'Downlink Beamforming for Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Networks with Massive MIMO and Small Cells', IEEE Trans on Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 3386-3400. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2018.2811472","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/131449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/131449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/20a2b8ba-433c-486c-882b-851f10d67ccc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/20a2b8ba-433c-486c-882b-851f10d67ccc","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/163585532/MassMIMO_HetNet_27_02_18_Final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nguyen, L, Tuan, H D, Duong, Q, Dobre, O A & Poor, H V 2018, 'Downlink Beamforming for Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Networks with Massive MIMO and Small Cells', IEEE Trans on Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 3386-3400. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2018.2811472","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1322046945","display_name":"DC optimisation based synthesis of systems in control, signal processing and wireless communication network","funder_award_id":"DP130104617","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1589395398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RF1415\\14\\22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2692291239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P019374/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3827627993","display_name":"Collaborative Research: EARS: Fundamental Limits of Spectrum Sensing","funder_award_id":"1343210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3878536856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RF1415\\14\\22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","funder_display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4093869772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1456793","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","funder_display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5589174919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1456793","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939749315","display_name":"Modelling, Analysis, and Design of Ultra-Dense Cellular Networks","funder_award_id":"EP/P019374/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7228924865","display_name":"WiFiUS: Collaborative Research: Sequential Inference and Learning for Agile Spectrum Use","funder_award_id":"1456793","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8070224468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1343210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","funder_display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8552776075","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1343210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0526snb40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320357","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321832","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2792347854.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2792347854.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W838780744","https://openalex.org/W1654832238","https://openalex.org/W1967956032","https://openalex.org/W1969648546","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W2004261797","https://openalex.org/W2031007827","https://openalex.org/W2031985527","https://openalex.org/W2044593797","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2063783961","https://openalex.org/W2077925014","https://openalex.org/W2088717366","https://openalex.org/W2092256136","https://openalex.org/W2096380022","https://openalex.org/W2098473710","https://openalex.org/W2101121986","https://openalex.org/W2105118201","https://openalex.org/W2109005286","https://openalex.org/W2115559954","https://openalex.org/W2124568462","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2133019626","https://openalex.org/W2135010525","https://openalex.org/W2136822103","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2145163533","https://openalex.org/W2155174176","https://openalex.org/W2155860576","https://openalex.org/W2161044775","https://openalex.org/W2187603890","https://openalex.org/W2556601991","https://openalex.org/W3103450255","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W4249840661","https://openalex.org/W6636926751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040311827","https://openalex.org/W2206637726","https://openalex.org/W1519632632","https://openalex.org/W2034139677","https://openalex.org/W2479641731","https://openalex.org/W2108749951","https://openalex.org/W117540911","https://openalex.org/W2138783567","https://openalex.org/W1976777118","https://openalex.org/W1987099914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"heterogeneous":[1],"network":[2,85,140],"(HetNet)":[3],"of":[4,22,33,59,67,128,157],"a":[5,11,20,51,63,92,129,154],"macrocell":[6],"base":[7,25,80],"station":[8],"equipped":[9],"with":[10],"large-scale":[12],"massive":[13,165],"multi-in":[14],"multi-out":[15],"(MIMO)":[16],"antenna":[17],"array":[18],"overlaying":[19],"number":[21,58,146,156],"small":[23],"cell":[24],"stations":[26,81],"(small":[27],"cells)":[28],"can":[29],"provide":[30],"high":[31],"quality":[32],"service":[34],"(QoS)":[35],"to":[36,56,82,110],"multiple":[37],"users":[38],"under":[39,87],"low":[40],"transmit":[41,60,93,113],"power":[42,47,94,116],"budget.":[43,95],"However,":[44],"the":[45,57,75,79,84,88,111,120,126,138,169],"circuit":[46],"for":[48,98,115,153],"operating":[49],"such":[50],"network,":[52],"which":[53,124],"is":[54,106,134,150,160],"proportional":[55],"antennas,":[61,132,158],"poses":[62],"problem":[64],"in":[65,118],"terms":[66],"its":[68],"energy":[69,162,171],"efficiency":[70,117],"(EE).":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73],"addresses":[74],"beamforming":[76],"design":[77],"at":[78],"optimize":[83],"EE":[86,141],"QoS":[89,122],"constraints":[90],"and":[91,101],"Beamforming":[96],"tailored":[97],"weak,":[99],"strong,":[100],"medium":[102],"cross-tier":[103],"interference":[104],"HetNets":[105],"proposed.":[107],"In":[108],"contrast":[109],"conventional":[112],"strategy":[114],"meeting":[119],"users'":[121],"requirements,":[123],"suggest":[125],"use":[127],"few":[130],"hundred":[131],"it":[133],"found":[135,151],"out":[136],"that":[137],"overall":[139,170],"quickly":[142],"drops":[143],"if":[144],"this":[145],"exceeds":[147],"50.":[148],"It":[149],"that,":[152],"given":[155],"HetNet":[159],"more":[161],"efficient":[163],"than":[164],"MIMO":[166],"when":[167],"considering":[168],"consumption.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}