{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2575224709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2653107","title":"User Association in Energy-Aware Dense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks","display_name":"User Association in Energy-Aware Dense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2575224709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2653107","mag":"2575224709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2017.2653107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2653107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/4e37d2db-9c2a-4be2-8c98-8a1b4abf23df","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Edwin Mugume","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-9103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Mugume","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave and Communication Systems Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-9103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave and Communication Systems Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036412443","display_name":"Daniel K. C. So","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-1755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel K. C. So","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave and Communication Systems Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave and Communication Systems Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5488,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83476383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"1713","last_page":"1726"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7273540496826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.6542899012565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6333017349243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5853729248046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.549638032913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5284661650657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4890612065792084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.48318973183631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.45731186866760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4422697424888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4363771677017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.42248743772506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22724118828773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11636707186698914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10807481408119202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.10473001003265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10427102446556091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.0912829339504242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09089189767837524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7273540496826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.6542899012565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6333017349243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5853729248046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.549638032913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5284661650657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4890612065792084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.48318973183631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.45731186866760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4422697424888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4363771677017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.42248743772506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22724118828773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11636707186698914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10807481408119202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.10473001003265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10427102446556091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.0912829339504242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09089189767837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2017.2653107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2653107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/4e37d2db-9c2a-4be2-8c98-8a1b4abf23df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/4e37d2db-9c2a-4be2-8c98-8a1b4abf23df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mugume, E & So, K C 2017, 'User Association in Energy-Aware Dense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2017.2653107","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/4e37d2db-9c2a-4be2-8c98-8a1b4abf23df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/user-association-in-energyaware-dense-heterogeneous-cellular-networks(4e37d2db-9c2a-4be2-8c98-8a1b4abf23df).html","pdf_url":"https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/50511612/FINAL_VERSION.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mugume, E & So, K C 2017, 'User Association in Energy-Aware Dense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2017.2653107","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/4e37d2db-9c2a-4be2-8c98-8a1b4abf23df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/4e37d2db-9c2a-4be2-8c98-8a1b4abf23df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mugume, E & So, K C 2017, 'User Association in Energy-Aware Dense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2017.2653107","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7985805409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J021768/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502104611","https://openalex.org/W1938738734","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W1980318317","https://openalex.org/W1994080576","https://openalex.org/W2003806850","https://openalex.org/W2005108639","https://openalex.org/W2010630450","https://openalex.org/W2021223257","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2024379753","https://openalex.org/W2034420299","https://openalex.org/W2040714707","https://openalex.org/W2047005058","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2061084757","https://openalex.org/W2063846408","https://openalex.org/W2105358352","https://openalex.org/W2106956271","https://openalex.org/W2112170521","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2129733867","https://openalex.org/W2130891087","https://openalex.org/W2136530738","https://openalex.org/W2145873277","https://openalex.org/W2149170915","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2161044775","https://openalex.org/W2797024182","https://openalex.org/W3101445254","https://openalex.org/W3105072513","https://openalex.org/W6679592330"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2906618418","https://openalex.org/W1985655499","https://openalex.org/W4386850052","https://openalex.org/W1964137838","https://openalex.org/W2020749775","https://openalex.org/W2303288554","https://openalex.org/W2314232061","https://openalex.org/W1871594675","https://openalex.org/W2786893525","https://openalex.org/W2287071596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"traffic":[1],"demand":[2],"has":[3,41],"been":[4],"increasing":[5,46],"exponentially":[6],"over":[7],"the":[8,21,87,116,141,161,166,179],"last":[9],"few":[10],"years":[11],"and":[12,32,53,66,93,104,119,150],"forecasts":[13],"show":[14,174],"that":[15,175],"this":[16,38,110,112],"trend":[17],"will":[18],"continue":[19],"in":[20,124],"foreseeable":[22],"future.":[23],"As":[24],"a":[25,157],"result,":[26],"operators":[27],"are":[28,187],"forced":[29],"to":[30,36,64,85,100,144],"densify":[31],"upgrade":[33],"their":[34],"networks":[35,74],"meet":[37],"demand.":[39],"This":[40,57],"created":[42],"concerns,":[43],"such":[44],"as":[45],"greenhouse":[47],"gas":[48],"emissions,":[49],"high":[50],"capital":[51],"expenditures,":[52],"associated":[54,94],"energy":[55,185],"costs.":[56],"paper":[58],"uses":[59],"tools":[60],"from":[61],"stochastic":[62],"geometry":[63],"analyze":[65],"formulate":[67,132],"energy-efficient":[68],"deployment":[69,117,142],"strategies":[70],"for":[71,127,176],"multi-tier":[72],"heterogeneous":[73],"(HetNets)":[75],"using":[76,178],"various":[77],"user":[78,106],"association":[79,182],"schemes.":[80],"We":[81,130],"use":[82],"simple":[83],"approximations":[84],"combine":[86],"required":[88],"base":[89],"station":[90],"(BS)":[91],"density":[92,149],"transmit":[95,151],"power":[96,134,152],"per":[97],"tier":[98],"subject":[99],"both":[101],"coverage":[102],"probability":[103],"average":[105],"rate":[107],"constraints.":[108],"In":[109],"paper,":[111],"combination":[113],"is":[114],"called":[115],"factor":[118,143],"it":[120],"can":[121],"be":[122],"expressed":[123],"closed":[125],"form":[126],"unbiased":[128],"HetNets.":[129,171],"then":[131],"area":[133],"consumption":[135],"(APC)":[136],"minimization":[137],"framework,":[138],"which":[139],"optimizes":[140],"derive":[145],"specific":[146],"optimal":[147],"BS":[148],"values.":[153],"Furthermore,":[154],"we":[155],"perform":[156],"comprehensive":[158],"study":[159],"of":[160,163,169],"effect":[162],"biasing":[164],"on":[165],"APC":[167],"performance":[168],"biased":[170],"Our":[172],"results":[173],"HetNets":[177],"maximum":[180],"average-biased-received-power":[181],"scheme,":[183],"significant":[184],"savings":[186],"possible":[188],"with":[189],"appropriate":[190],"biasing.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}