{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964289634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2614502","title":"Covert Communication Gains From Adversary\u2019s Ignorance of Transmission Time","display_name":"Covert Communication Gains From Adversary\u2019s Ignorance of Transmission Time","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964289634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2614502","mag":"2964289634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2016.2614502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2614502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044894929","display_name":"Boulat A. Bash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1205-3906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306686416","display_name":"RTX (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boulat A. Bash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1205-3906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064436231","display_name":"Dennis Goeckel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-9515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Goeckel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036683370","display_name":"Don Towsley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-7375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don Towsley","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":143,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96322528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"8394","last_page":"8405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice-and-bob","display_name":"Alice and Bob","score":0.7309544682502747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6421669125556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5812248587608337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ignorance","display_name":"Ignorance","score":0.5194284915924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.45792847871780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43926388025283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice","display_name":"Alice (programming language)","score":0.4383313059806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4371246099472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35054582357406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34953275322914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.34699541330337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33013978600502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27666914463043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.13565263152122498}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649676","display_name":"Alice and Bob","level":3,"score":0.7309544682502747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6421669125556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5812248587608337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778732403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815577","display_name":"Ignorance","level":2,"score":0.5194284915924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.45792847871780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43926388025283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778222013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136926","display_name":"Alice (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4383313059806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4371246099472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35054582357406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34953275322914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.34699541330337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33013978600502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27666914463043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13565263152122498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2016.2614502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2614502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2187109461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011-16-C-0111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2720023036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1309573","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G283930402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1525642","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2902676374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1018464","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7107415403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-0964094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307943","display_name":"Raytheon Company","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73629738","https://openalex.org/W164887593","https://openalex.org/W389131132","https://openalex.org/W581334404","https://openalex.org/W636358068","https://openalex.org/W1485726418","https://openalex.org/W1532319909","https://openalex.org/W1533832561","https://openalex.org/W1591491622","https://openalex.org/W1660562555","https://openalex.org/W1897081267","https://openalex.org/W1980201978","https://openalex.org/W1986292841","https://openalex.org/W2000226542","https://openalex.org/W2001283559","https://openalex.org/W2008430594","https://openalex.org/W2022381648","https://openalex.org/W2045638068","https://openalex.org/W2052267390","https://openalex.org/W2056099894","https://openalex.org/W2060500262","https://openalex.org/W2064039105","https://openalex.org/W2075593748","https://openalex.org/W2079485208","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2088658556","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2108345548","https://openalex.org/W2109191808","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2128974515","https://openalex.org/W2288246546","https://openalex.org/W2295172321","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2544417817","https://openalex.org/W2963645489","https://openalex.org/W2963806987","https://openalex.org/W2964237960","https://openalex.org/W3102020296","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W3106104013","https://openalex.org/W3145128584","https://openalex.org/W4210727445","https://openalex.org/W4241684208","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4253000688","https://openalex.org/W4289127653","https://openalex.org/W6678945065"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4232165261","https://openalex.org/W4387185014","https://openalex.org/W4251817561","https://openalex.org/W1765977934","https://openalex.org/W2066842693","https://openalex.org/W2053535597","https://openalex.org/W4238337057","https://openalex.org/W2315316137","https://openalex.org/W1548585588","https://openalex.org/W4211027506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"recent":[1],"square":[2],"root":[3],"law":[4],"(SRL)":[5],"for":[6,143],"covert":[7],"communication":[8,101],"demonstrates":[9],"that":[10,66,129,148],"Alice":[11,71,119,151],"can":[12],"reliably":[13,153],"transmit":[14,154],"O(\u221an)":[15],"bits":[16,163],"to":[17,138,152,164,185],"Bob":[18,165,181],"in":[19,45,77],"n":[20,115],"uses":[21],"of":[22,92,96,99,126,189],"an":[23],"additive":[24],"white":[25],"Gaussian":[26],"noise":[27],"(AWGN)":[28],"channel":[29,108],"while":[30,169],"keeping":[31,170],"ineffective":[32],"any":[33],"detector":[34,173],"employed":[35],"by":[36,47],"the":[37,48,64,67,90,93,97,100,135,171,187],"adversary;":[38],"conversely,":[39],"exceeding":[40],"this":[41,149,177],"limit":[42],"either":[43],"results":[44],"detection":[46],"adversary":[49,68,136],"with":[50,110],"high":[51],"probability":[52,57],"or":[53],"nonzero":[54],"decoding":[55],"error":[56],"at":[58],"Bob.":[59],"This":[60],"SRL":[61],"is":[62,133],"under":[63],"assumption":[65],"knows":[69],"when":[70],"transmits":[72],"(if":[73],"she":[74],"transmits);":[75],"however,":[76],"many":[78],"operational":[79],"scenarios,":[80],"he":[81],"does":[82,182],"not":[83,183],"know":[84,186],"this.":[85],"Hence,":[86],"here,":[87],"we":[88],"study":[89],"impact":[91],"adversary's":[94,172],"ignorance":[95],"time":[98,188],"attempt.":[102],"We":[103,146],"employ":[104],"a":[105,122],"slotted":[106],"AWGN":[107],"model":[109],"T(n)":[111,141,192],"slots":[112,142],"each":[113],"containing":[114],"symbol":[116],"periods,":[117],"where":[118],"may":[120],"use":[121],"single":[123],"slot":[124,131],"out":[125],"T(n).":[127],"Provided":[128],"Alice's":[130],"selection":[132],"secret,":[134],"needs":[137],"monitor":[139],"all":[140],"possible":[144],"transmission.":[145],"show":[147],"allows":[150],"O(min{(n":[155],"log":[156],"T(n))":[157],"<sup":[158,195],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[159,196,201],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1/2</sup>":[160],",":[161,198],"n})":[162],"(but":[166],"no":[167],"more)":[168],"ineffective.":[174],"To":[175],"achieve":[176],"gain":[178],"over":[179],"SRL,":[180],"have":[184],"transmission":[190],"provided":[191],"<;":[193],"2":[194],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">cTn</sup>":[197],"c":[199],"<sub":[200],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">T</sub>":[202],"=":[203],"O(1).":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
