{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2490299299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2609384","title":"Initial Access in Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems","display_name":"Initial Access in Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2490299299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2609384","mag":"2490299299"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2016.2609384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2609384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/103253","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090493376","display_name":"C. Nicolas Barati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-7083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Nicolas Barati","raw_affiliation_strings":["NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-7083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111383233","display_name":"S. Amir Hosseini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Amir Hosseini","raw_affiliation_strings":["NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031845788","display_name":"Marco Mezzavilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6237-5340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Mezzavilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003948566","display_name":"Thanasis Korakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanasis Korakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081489562","display_name":"Shivendra S. Panwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9822-6838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivendra S. Panwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000099903","display_name":"Sundeep Rangan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0925-8169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sundeep Rangan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NYU WIRELESS, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005894115","display_name":"Michele Zorzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-4678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Zorzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.0776,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":198,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99187379,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"7926","last_page":"7940"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7809450626373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7220916152000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6193206310272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.6174502372741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5351141095161438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5275849103927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5251383781433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.47545573115348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.45374804735183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4526578485965729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.40850764513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3525935411453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0870356559753418}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7809450626373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7220916152000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6193206310272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.6174502372741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5351141095161438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5275849103927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5251383781433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.47545573115348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.45374804735183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4526578485965729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40850764513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3525935411453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0870356559753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2016.2609384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2609384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1276156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1276156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3258202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3258202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:103253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/103253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:103253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/103253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4833441409","display_name":"PFI-AIR:  Architectures for the Future Cellular Networks","funder_award_id":"1237821","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5398790236","display_name":"CIF: Small: Approximate Message Passing for Systems with Linear Mixing and Randomization","funder_award_id":"1116589","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7667285873","display_name":"EARS: Spectrum and Infrastructure Sharing in Millimeter Wave Cellular Networks","funder_award_id":"1547332","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W347197115","https://openalex.org/W779733492","https://openalex.org/W1495565530","https://openalex.org/W1504983838","https://openalex.org/W1554767870","https://openalex.org/W1566916904","https://openalex.org/W1634005169","https://openalex.org/W1892643793","https://openalex.org/W1917463349","https://openalex.org/W1925759446","https://openalex.org/W1982222550","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W2001991593","https://openalex.org/W2008105706","https://openalex.org/W2009447832","https://openalex.org/W2031858701","https://openalex.org/W2035330915","https://openalex.org/W2039251299","https://openalex.org/W2045230329","https://openalex.org/W2045522226","https://openalex.org/W2047024541","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2056251647","https://openalex.org/W2059162326","https://openalex.org/W2064935463","https://openalex.org/W2079223009","https://openalex.org/W2085098436","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2102258468","https://openalex.org/W2103851250","https://openalex.org/W2103972037","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2119536915","https://openalex.org/W2131556268","https://openalex.org/W2138020668","https://openalex.org/W2162756614","https://openalex.org/W2166625423","https://openalex.org/W2171999417","https://openalex.org/W2198911682","https://openalex.org/W2278865433","https://openalex.org/W2283435412","https://openalex.org/W2289486428","https://openalex.org/W2338757405","https://openalex.org/W2962877103","https://openalex.org/W2963102867","https://openalex.org/W2964273971","https://openalex.org/W2964289208","https://openalex.org/W3105846222","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6611728332","https://openalex.org/W6665216680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2303288554","https://openalex.org/W3033750547","https://openalex.org/W2029216794","https://openalex.org/W4386698331","https://openalex.org/W2047225036","https://openalex.org/W2138314731","https://openalex.org/W2029263917","https://openalex.org/W2093207996","https://openalex.org/W2982446297","https://openalex.org/W2322468729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter":[0],"wave":[1],"(mmWave)":[2],"bands":[3],"have":[4],"attracted":[5],"considerable":[6],"recent":[7],"interest":[8],"for":[9],"next-generation":[10],"cellular":[11,29],"systems":[12,30],"due":[13],"to":[14,45,89],"the":[15,56],"massive":[16],"available":[17],"spectrum":[18],"at":[19],"these":[20],"frequencies.":[21],"However,":[22],"a":[23,37,46,63,74],"key":[24],"challenge":[25],"in":[26,73,119],"designing":[27],"mmWave":[28],"is":[31],"initial":[32,42,57,67],"access-the":[33],"procedure":[34,59],"by":[35,65],"which":[36,66],"mobile":[38],"device":[39],"establishes":[40],"an":[41],"link-layer":[43],"connection":[44],"cell.":[47],"MmWave":[48],"communication":[49],"relies":[50],"on":[51],"highly":[52],"directional":[53],"transmissions":[54],"and":[55,86,93,99],"access":[58,91,101],"must":[60],"thus":[61],"provide":[62],"mechanism":[64],"transmission":[68],"directions":[69],"can":[70],"be":[71],"searched":[72],"potentially":[75],"large":[76],"angular":[77],"space.":[78],"Design":[79],"options":[80],"are":[81,103],"compared":[82],"considering":[83],"different":[84],"scanning":[85],"signaling":[87],"procedures":[88],"evaluate":[90],"delay":[92],"system":[94],"overhead.":[95],"The":[96,106],"channel":[97],"structure":[98],"multiple":[100],"issues":[102],"also":[104],"considered.":[105],"results":[107],"of":[108,114],"our":[109],"analysis":[110],"demonstrate":[111],"significant":[112],"benefits":[113],"low-resolution":[115],"fully":[116],"digital":[117],"architectures":[118],"comparison":[120],"with":[121],"single":[122],"stream":[123],"analog":[124],"beamforming.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
