{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2270735382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2519883","title":"On the Number of RF Chains and Phase Shifters, and Scheduling Design With Hybrid Analog\u2013Digital Beamforming","display_name":"On the Number of RF Chains and Phase Shifters, and Scheduling Design With Hybrid Analog\u2013Digital Beamforming","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2270735382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2519883","mag":"2270735382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2016.2519883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2519883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.2609","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033914007","display_name":"Tadilo Endeshaw Bogale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1332-8542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tadilo Endeshaw Bogale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Universite\u00e9 du Que\u00e9bec, Montre\u00e9al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Universite\u00e9 du Que\u00e9bec, Montre\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029986211","display_name":"Long Bao Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-6530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Bao Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Universite\u00e9 du Que\u00e9bec, Montre\u00e9al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Universite\u00e9 du Que\u00e9bec, Montre\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083151243","display_name":"Afshin Haghighat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091743","display_name":"InterDigital (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cxa0895","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091743"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afshin Haghighat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdigital, Montre\u00e9al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdigital, Montre\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000909128","display_name":"Luc Vandendorpe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-8848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Vandendorpe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Catholique de Louvain, ICTEAM Institute, Louvain La Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Catholique de Louvain, ICTEAM Institute, Louvain La Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.1259,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":275,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9969706,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"3311","last_page":"3326"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7317966222763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5689150094985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.534361720085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5002727508544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.41748297214508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.38286226987838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3376540541648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2064126431941986}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7317966222763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5689150094985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.534361720085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5002727508544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.41748297214508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.38286226987838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3376540541648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2064126431941986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2016.2519883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2519883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1410.2609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1410.2609","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.2609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:176754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/176754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401974","display_name":"DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 15, no.5, p. 331-3326 (2016)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1410.2609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1410.2609","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.2609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W391578156","https://openalex.org/W1533172747","https://openalex.org/W1606470095","https://openalex.org/W1917209212","https://openalex.org/W1921359321","https://openalex.org/W1926244710","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1975981182","https://openalex.org/W1981661761","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W1993118818","https://openalex.org/W1998267929","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2005169228","https://openalex.org/W2014075533","https://openalex.org/W2014115319","https://openalex.org/W2027711878","https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2037682381","https://openalex.org/W2041287972","https://openalex.org/W2046462440","https://openalex.org/W2048335843","https://openalex.org/W2048633043","https://openalex.org/W2051388965","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2075148031","https://openalex.org/W2090195299","https://openalex.org/W2091012876","https://openalex.org/W2092350578","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2097235188","https://openalex.org/W2102112553","https://openalex.org/W2103851250","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2116193517","https://openalex.org/W2117967116","https://openalex.org/W2119534836","https://openalex.org/W2120435222","https://openalex.org/W2124809476","https://openalex.org/W2125790209","https://openalex.org/W2132730648","https://openalex.org/W2132983853","https://openalex.org/W2141695150","https://openalex.org/W2142308177","https://openalex.org/W2143927285","https://openalex.org/W2145412765","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2160693951","https://openalex.org/W2166486216","https://openalex.org/W2167956149","https://openalex.org/W2270735382","https://openalex.org/W2291159204","https://openalex.org/W2329274862","https://openalex.org/W2539603415","https://openalex.org/W2963290312","https://openalex.org/W3098980465","https://openalex.org/W4293005804","https://openalex.org/W4301253858","https://openalex.org/W4362230038","https://openalex.org/W6623827640","https://openalex.org/W6659855941","https://openalex.org/W6678809893","https://openalex.org/W6679756193","https://openalex.org/W6680940377","https://openalex.org/W6683671590","https://openalex.org/W6728931052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W3124036039","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2727286692","https://openalex.org/W1970775648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"hybrid":[3],"beamforming":[4,66],"(HB)":[5],"for":[6,163,169],"downlink":[7],"multiuser":[8],"massive":[9],"multiple-input":[10],"multiple-output":[11],"(MIMO)":[12],"systems":[13],"with":[14,88,145],"frequency":[15,47,233],"selective":[16,234],"channels.":[17,235],"The":[18],"proposed":[19,55,220],"HB":[20,56,90,221,226],"design":[21,222],"employs":[22],"sets":[23],"of":[24,45,63,72,82,122,128,143,176,204,218],"digitally":[25],"controlled":[26],"phase":[27,31],"(fixed":[28],"phase)":[29],"paired":[30],"shifters":[32],"(PSs)":[33],"and":[34,50,100,136,214,232],"switches.":[35],"For":[36],"this":[37],"system,":[38],"first":[39],"we":[40,132,192],"determine":[41],"the":[42,54,58,64,80,83,120,123,141,170,173,201,216,219,224],"required":[43],"number":[44,142,175],"radio":[46],"(RF)":[48],"chains":[49,99,178],"PSs":[51,144,157],"such":[52],"that":[53,62,79,154],"achieves":[57],"same":[59],"performance":[60,81,149],"as":[61],"digital":[65,125],"(DB)":[67],"which":[68],"utilizes":[69],"N":[70,118],"(number":[71],"transmitter":[73],"antennas)":[74],"RF":[75,98,159,177],"chains.":[76],"We":[77],"show":[78],"DB":[84],"can":[85],"be":[86],"achieved":[87],"our":[89],"just":[91],"by":[92],"utilizing":[93],"r":[94,113,187],"<sub":[95,102,106,114,180,188],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[96,103,107,115,181,189],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">t</sub>":[97,104,108,116,190],"2r":[101],"(N-r":[105],"+":[109],"1)":[110],"PSs,":[111],"where":[112,172],"\u2264":[117],"is":[119,184],"rank":[121],"combined":[124],"precoder":[126],"matrices":[127],"all":[129],"subcarriers.":[130],"Second,":[131],"provide":[133],"a":[134,147,194],"simple":[135,195],"novel":[137],"approach":[138],"to":[139,199],"reduce":[140],"only":[146,155],"negligible":[148],"degradation.":[150],"Numerical":[151],"results":[152,210],"reveal":[153],"20-40":[156],"per":[158],"chain":[160],"are":[161],"sufficient":[162],"practically":[164],"relevant":[165],"parameter":[166],"settings.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"scenario":[171],"deployed":[174],"(N":[179],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a</sub>":[182],")":[183],"less":[185],"than":[186],",":[191],"propose":[193],"user":[196],"scheduling":[197],"algorithm":[198],"select":[200],"best":[202],"set":[203],"users":[205],"in":[206,228],"each":[207],"subcarrier.":[208],"Simulation":[209],"validate":[211],"theoretical":[212],"expressions,":[213],"demonstrate":[215],"superiority":[217],"over":[223],"existing":[225],"designs":[227],"both":[229],"flat":[230],"fading":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}