{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129031360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3665294","title":"Multi-Modal Sensing and Fusion in mmWave Beamforming for Connected Vehicles: A Transformer Based Framework","display_name":"Multi-Modal Sensing and Fusion in mmWave Beamforming for Connected Vehicles: A Transformer Based Framework","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129031360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3665294"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2026.3665294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3665294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.13606","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002022222","display_name":"Muhammad Baqer Mollah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-3435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Baqer Mollah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-3435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126094082","display_name":"Honggang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19772626","display_name":"Yeshiva University","ror":"https://ror.org/045x93337","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19772626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honggang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Graduate Computer Science and Engineering, Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9475-2630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate Computer Science and Engineering, Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19772626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120312481","display_name":"Mohammad A. Karim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9663-4443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100633361","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzmm222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ataul Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9984-7161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100633361"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126127483","display_name":"Hua Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19772626","display_name":"Yeshiva University","ror":"https://ror.org/045x93337","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19772626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Graduate Computer Science and Engineering, Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-1132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate Computer Science and Engineering, Katz School of Science and Health, Yeshiva University, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19772626"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9099,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98244782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"7","first_page":"14937","last_page":"14949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.6776999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.6776999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.17679999768733978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7997000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.40720000863075256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7997000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7019000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5307999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2026.3665294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3665294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.13606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13606","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.13606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.13606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13606","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.13606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.659241259098053}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3444671247","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Enabling Machine Learning based Cooperative Perception with mmWave Communication for Autonomous Vehicle Safety","funder_award_id":"2010366","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4351168125","display_name":"EAGER: IIS: Enabling Computationally Efficient Fuzzy Clustering for Distributed Big Data","funder_award_id":"2140729","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter":[0],"wave":[1],"(mmWave)":[2],"communication,":[3],"utilizing":[4],"beamforming":[5,39],"techniques":[6],"to":[7,22,64,89,115,129,185,221],"address":[8],"the":[9,19,55,99,103,126,135,145,148,179,204],"inherent":[10],"path":[11],"loss":[12],"limitation,":[13],"is":[14,61],"considered":[15],"as":[16,84],"one":[17],"of":[18,32,147],"key":[20],"technologies":[21],"support":[23],"ever":[24],"increasing":[25],"high":[26,48],"throughput":[27],"and":[28,52,68,80,118,123,161,169,201,207,214],"low":[29],"latency":[30,206],"demands":[31],"connected":[33],"vehicles.":[34],"However,":[35],"adopting":[36],"standard":[37,222],"defined":[38,223],"approach":[40],"in":[41,54,156],"highly":[42],"dynamic":[43],"vehicular":[44],"environments":[45],"often":[46],"incurs":[47,194],"beam":[49,70,208],"training":[50],"overheads":[51,211],"reduction":[53],"available":[56],"airtime":[57],"for":[58,217],"communications,":[59],"which":[60],"mainly":[62],"due":[63],"exchanging":[65],"pilot":[66],"signals":[67],"exhaustive":[69],"measurements.":[71],"To":[72,143],"this":[73,94],"end,":[74],"we":[75,96,151],"present":[76],"a":[77,85,153],"multi-modal":[78],"sensing":[79,104,173],"fusion":[81],"learning":[82],"framework":[83,181],"potential":[86],"alternative":[87],"solution":[88],"reduce":[90],"such":[91],"overheads.":[92],"In":[93],"framework,":[95,150],"first":[97],"extract":[98],"representative":[100],"features":[101,128],"from":[102,165],"modalities":[105],"by":[106,212],"modality":[107],"specific":[108],"encoders,":[109],"then,":[110],"utilize":[111],"multi-head":[112],"cross-modal":[113],"attention":[114],"learn":[116],"dependencies":[117],"correlations":[119],"between":[120],"different":[121,158],"modalities,":[122],"subsequently":[124],"fuse":[125],"multimodal":[127,168],"obtain":[130],"predicted":[131],"top-$k$beams":[132],"so":[133],"that":[134,178],"best":[136],"line-of-sight":[137],"links":[138],"can":[139],"be":[140],"proactively":[141],"established.":[142],"show":[144],"generalizability":[146],"proposed":[149,180],"perform":[152],"comprehensive":[154],"experiment":[155,176],"four":[157],"vehicle-to-infrastructure":[159],"(V2I)":[160],"vehicle-to-vehicle":[162],"(V2V)":[163],"scenarios":[164],"real":[166],"world":[167],"60GHz":[170],"mmWave":[171],"wireless":[172],"data.":[174],"The":[175],"reveals":[177],"(i)":[182],"achieves":[183],"up":[184],"96.72%":[186],"accuracy":[187],"on":[188],"predicting":[189],"top-15":[190,218],"beams":[191,219],"correctly,":[192],"(ii)":[193],"roughly":[195],"0.77":[196],"dB":[197],"average":[198],"power":[199],"loss,":[200],"(iii)":[202],"improves":[203],"overall":[205],"searching":[209],"space":[210],"86.81%":[213],"76.56%":[215],"respectively":[216],"compared":[220],"approach.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2026-02-17T00:00:00"}
