{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128775062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3664557","title":"Quantum-Secure Covert Communications Over Lossy Bosonic Random Access Channels","display_name":"Quantum-Secure Covert Communications Over Lossy Bosonic Random Access Channels","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128775062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3664557"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2026.3664557","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3664557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062900726","display_name":"Bichen Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3307-824X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bichen Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3307-824X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125969478","display_name":"Neng Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neng Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6605-826X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125959250","display_name":"Yue Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2465-4621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085755856","display_name":"Shuxiao Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0806-7955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxiao Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0806-7955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125903582","display_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119004910","display_name":"Silesian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyjk442","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-6149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104987505","display_name":"Jianping An","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping An","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1709659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"7","first_page":"14092","last_page":"14108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.7222999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.7222999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.18459999561309814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.039900001138448715,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7355999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossy-compression","display_name":"Lossy compression","score":0.6597999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.5321000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access","display_name":"Random access","score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.37790000438690186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7355999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.6597999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6195999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.5321000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11577676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134237","display_name":"Square root","level":2,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97744766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845","display_name":"Channel capacity","level":3,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2026.3664557","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3664557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1773702449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022QNRC001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","funder_display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G808640623","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62522103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/035vmht26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485726418","https://openalex.org/W1897081267","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2074384947","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2108345548","https://openalex.org/W2154564336","https://openalex.org/W2587173351","https://openalex.org/W2802067688","https://openalex.org/W2889437875","https://openalex.org/W2896420513","https://openalex.org/W2948602808","https://openalex.org/W2956202621","https://openalex.org/W2962730419","https://openalex.org/W2962845150","https://openalex.org/W2963108679","https://openalex.org/W2981443503","https://openalex.org/W3004147653","https://openalex.org/W3040586694","https://openalex.org/W3044223429","https://openalex.org/W3080678239","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W3177354496","https://openalex.org/W3196790258","https://openalex.org/W4225817361","https://openalex.org/W4289655188","https://openalex.org/W4297944615","https://openalex.org/W4313120958","https://openalex.org/W4323645709","https://openalex.org/W4393033138","https://openalex.org/W4397000744","https://openalex.org/W4401692602","https://openalex.org/W4403277788","https://openalex.org/W4405908866","https://openalex.org/W4406261706","https://openalex.org/W4407461407","https://openalex.org/W4407900965","https://openalex.org/W4407951000"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum-secure":[0],"covert":[1,39,71,98,162,170,226],"communication":[2,55,95],"is":[3,61,129,145,188],"an":[4],"emerging":[5],"technology":[6],"crucial":[7],"for":[8,207],"secure":[9],"transmission":[10,227],"in":[11,25,51,64,93,228],"hostile":[12],"environments.":[13],"However,":[14,154],"existing":[15],"studies":[16],"primarily":[17],"focus":[18],"on":[19,28,131],"single-transmitter":[20],"scenarios,":[21],"leaving":[22],"a":[23,125,203],"gap":[24],"the":[26,34,65,78,86,109,117,132,138,142,148,156,166,177,192,196,208,219,223],"research":[27],"multi-user":[29],"settings.":[30],"This":[31,186],"paper":[32],"investigates":[33],"fundamental":[35],"limits":[36],"of":[37,53,88,103,113,141,160,179,195,199,225],"quantum-secure":[38],"communications":[40],"over":[41],"lossy":[42],"bosonic":[43],"random":[44,212],"access":[45],"channels":[46],"with":[47,85],"Gaussian":[48],"thermal":[49],"noise":[50],"view":[52],"realistic":[54],"systems.":[56],"The":[57],"square":[58,79],"root":[59,80],"law":[60,81],"first":[62],"established":[63],"scenario":[66],"where":[67],"only":[68],"randomly":[69,89],"activated":[70,90],"users":[72,92,99,115,181],"exist.":[73],"We":[74],"then":[75],"demonstrate":[76],"that":[77,108],"can":[82],"be":[83],"surpassed":[84],"assistance":[87],"overt":[91],"quantum":[94,150],"system,":[96],"enabling":[97],"to":[100,136,210],"transmit$\\mathcal":[101],"{O}(N)$bits":[102],"information":[104],"over$N$channel":[105],"uses,":[106],"provided":[107],"mean":[110,157],"photon":[111,158],"numbers":[112],"all":[114],"reaching":[116],"detecting":[118],"end":[119],"are":[120],"equal.":[121],"To":[122],"prove":[123],"this,":[124],"recursive":[126],"upper":[127,197],"bound":[128,198],"developed":[130],"trace":[133],"distance":[134],"(TD)":[135],"measure":[137],"detection":[139,205],"probability":[140],"warden,":[143],"which":[144],"tighter":[146],"than":[147],"traditional":[149],"relative":[151],"entropy":[152],"measurement.":[153],"if":[155],"number":[159],"any":[161],"user":[163,213],"deviates":[164],"from":[165],"above":[167],"condition,":[168],"its":[169],"capacity":[171],"will":[172,182],"degrade":[173],"to$\\mathcal":[174],"{O}(\\sqrt{N})$bits,":[175],"whereas":[176],"capacities":[178],"other":[180],"remain":[183],"at$\\mathcal":[184],"{O}(N)$bits.":[185],"result":[187],"derived":[189],"by":[190],"exploiting":[191],"iterative":[193],"relationship":[194],"TD":[200],"and":[201],"introducing":[202],"two-step":[204],"strategy":[206],"warden":[209],"handle":[211],"activation":[214],"uncertainty.":[215],"Numerical":[216],"experiments":[217],"validate":[218],"theoretical":[220],"findings,":[221],"confirming":[222],"performance":[224],"both":[229],"scenarios.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}