{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124468694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3654411","title":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Efficient Load Balancing in 6G SDN Vehicle Networks","display_name":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Efficient Load Balancing in 6G SDN Vehicle Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124468694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3654411"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2026.3654411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3654411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117345529","display_name":"Mohamed Amine Hechmi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179097149","display_name":"University of Carthage","ror":"https://ror.org/057x6za15","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Amine Hechmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mediatron Lab, Sup’Com_University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3419-7883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mediatron Lab, Sup’Com_University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075643918","display_name":"Sonia Ben Rejeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-0984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63596082","display_name":"Tunis El Manar University","ror":"https://ror.org/029cgt552","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63596082"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonia Ben Rejeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mediatron Lab_Sup’Com, ISI_University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-0984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mediatron Lab_Sup’Com, ISI_University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I63596082"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082838571","display_name":"Nidal Nasser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134359838","display_name":"Alfaisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cdrtq48","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134359838"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nidal Nasser","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9532-2074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134359838"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001993673","display_name":"Sami Tabbane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179097149","display_name":"University of Carthage","ror":"https://ror.org/057x6za15","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Tabbane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mediatron Lab, Sup’Com_University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mediatron Lab, Sup’Com_University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179097149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.6266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99561671,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"7","first_page":"14385","last_page":"14397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.4242999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.4242999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.41040000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.032099999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.911300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6575999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.6085000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5367000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.48420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-network","display_name":"Telecommunications network","score":0.36320000886917114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.911300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7541999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6575999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.6085000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5367000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.48420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16160715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640676","display_name":"Traffic engineering","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2026.3654411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3654411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8769617080688477}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W4283361171","https://openalex.org/W4285280475","https://openalex.org/W4396240995","https://openalex.org/W4400234865","https://openalex.org/W4413259123","https://openalex.org/W4415679935"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"exponential":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,35,168,176,185],"network":[4,96],"traffic":[5,42,103],"and":[6,23,44,84,110,118,156,196,203],"connected":[7],"devices":[8],"poses":[9],"significant":[10],"challenges":[11,184],"for":[12,80],"load":[13,82,154,186],"balancing":[14],"in":[15,21,105,141,188],"Software-Defined":[16],"Networking":[17],"(SDN)":[18],"architectures,":[19],"especially":[20],"dynamic":[22,202],"dense":[24,204],"6G":[25,189],"vehicular":[26,191,205],"networks.":[27],"Traditional":[28],"load-balancing":[29,54],"techniques":[30],"struggle":[31],"to":[32,39,114,160,180],"maintain":[33],"Quality":[34],"Service":[36],"(QoS)":[37],"due":[38],"rapidly":[40],"fluctuating":[41],"patterns":[43],"mobility":[45],"induced":[46],"variations.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49],"proposes":[50],"a":[51,74,100,108,128],"novel":[52],"andoriginaldistributed":[53],"framework":[55,126],"combining":[56],"Multi-Agent":[57],"Reinforcement":[58,131],"Learning":[59,132],"(MARL)":[60],"with":[61],"Proximal":[62],"Policy":[63,137],"Optimization":[64],"(PPO),":[65],"which":[66],"differs":[67],"from":[68,99],"existing":[69],"MARL-PPO":[70,125,149],"approaches":[71],"by":[72],"introducing":[73],"reward":[75,169],"design":[76],"that":[77,148],"simultaneously":[78],"accounts":[79],"latency,":[81,152],"variance,":[83],"energy":[85],"efficiency.":[86],"Each":[87],"agent":[88],"dynamically":[89],"adjusts":[90],"its":[91],"policies":[92],"based":[93],"on":[94],"real-time":[95],"states":[97],"generated":[98],"synthetic":[101],"random":[102],"flow":[104],"Colab,":[106],"providing":[107,193],"controlled":[109],"reproducible":[111],"evaluation":[112],"environment":[113],"optimize":[115],"resource":[116],"allocation":[117],"reduce":[119],"controller":[120],"overload.":[121],"We":[122],"evaluate":[123],"the":[124,174,177,183],"against":[127],"benchmark":[129],"Deep":[130,135],"method":[133],"using":[134],"Deterministic":[136],"Gradient":[138],"(DDPG).":[139],"Experiments":[140],"realistic":[142],"Vehicle-to-Vehicle":[143],"(V2V)":[144],"communication":[145,198],"scenarios":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"achieves":[150],"lower":[151],"better":[153],"distribution,":[155],"improved":[157],"scalability":[158],"compared":[159],"DRL-DDPG,":[161],"while":[162],"maintaining":[163],"stable":[164],"learning":[165],"under":[166,200],"variations":[167],"parameters.":[170],"These":[171],"results":[172],"highlight":[173],"potential":[175],"proposed":[178],"approach":[179],"effectively":[181],"address":[182],"management":[187],"enabled":[190],"networks,":[192],"reliable,":[194],"low-latency,":[195],"energy-efficient":[197],"even":[199],"highly":[201],"conditions.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2026-01-17T00:00:00"}