{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124156592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3653980","title":"Deep Learning-Based Channel Estimation for Stacked Intelligent Metasurface-Enhanced Multi-User Communications","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Channel Estimation for Stacked Intelligent Metasurface-Enhanced Multi-User Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124156592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3653980"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2026.3653980","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3653980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123002600","display_name":"Xin Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6584-9526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123050110","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5161-8973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018941843","display_name":"Gang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6413-4882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6413-4882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006974907","display_name":"Lingyou Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-832X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyou Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-832X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120790319","display_name":"Chenyang Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1652-6686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6454-8334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123036576","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123638","display_name":"ITI (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02d73fs96","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123638"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge AI+ Ltd"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge AI+ Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123638"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0621,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97703204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"7","first_page":"15067","last_page":"15072"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.02239999920129776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.7991999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.7113999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flattening","display_name":"Flattening","score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.35269999504089355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.7991999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.7113999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6230999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5227000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5149000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19444555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212750","display_name":"Flattening","level":2,"score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90652560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091747","display_name":"Minimum mean square error","level":3,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9936470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510405","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2026.3653980","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2026.3653980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8928457962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS2025029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8949982454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/Y023374/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2798701005","https://openalex.org/W2963190722","https://openalex.org/W2996956941","https://openalex.org/W3082926577","https://openalex.org/W3084194173","https://openalex.org/W3178081691","https://openalex.org/W4212835306","https://openalex.org/W4226115187","https://openalex.org/W4381785979","https://openalex.org/W4386524773","https://openalex.org/W4396505702","https://openalex.org/W4399450463","https://openalex.org/W4400276145","https://openalex.org/W4403183188","https://openalex.org/W4407736591","https://openalex.org/W4412610002"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stacked":[0],"intelligent":[1],"metasurface":[2],"(SIM)":[3],"has":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,37,93],"a":[7,86,113],"promising":[8],"technique":[9],"to":[10,44,133,166],"implement":[11],"holographic":[12],"massive":[13],"multiple-input":[14],"multiple-output":[15],"(MIMO)":[16],"by":[17,111],"incorporating":[18],"multiple":[19],"metasurfaces":[20],"into":[21,120],"the":[22,38,41,51,57,81,100,104,118,125,141,144,150,162,177],"antenna":[23],"transceivers":[24],"with":[25],"limited":[26],"RF":[27,54],"chains.":[28,55],"Channel":[29],"estimation":[30,96,110,147,152],"is":[31,47],"challenging":[32],"in":[33,138],"SIM-enhanced":[34],"communication":[35],"systems,":[36],"dimension":[39],"of":[40,53,71,77,80,127,143],"channel":[42,72,90,95,109,151,159],"matrix":[43],"be":[45,167],"estimated":[46],"much":[48],"larger":[49],"than":[50],"number":[52],"Although":[56],"conventional":[58],"minimum":[59],"mean":[60],"square":[61],"error":[62],"(MMSE)":[63],"estimator":[64],"performs":[65],"well,":[66],"it":[67,155],"requires":[68,156],"prior":[69,158],"knowledge":[70,160],"statistics":[73],"and":[74,129,148,161],"frequent":[75],"updates":[76],"phase":[78],"shifts":[79],"meta-atoms.":[82],"This":[83,123],"paper":[84],"proposes":[85],"new":[87],"deep":[88,179],"learning-based":[89,180],"estimator,":[91],"termed":[92],"flattened":[94],"network":[97],"(FlatCE-Net).":[98],"Specifically,":[99],"proposed":[101],"FlatCE-Net":[102,175],"refines":[103],"coarse":[105],"least":[106],"squares":[107],"(LS)":[108],"introducing":[112],"flattening":[114],"strategy":[115],"that":[116,174],"transforms":[117],"input":[119],"sequential":[121],"data.":[122],"allows":[124],"use":[126],"deeper":[128],"wider":[130],"dilated":[131],"convolutions":[132],"extract":[134],"richer":[135],"features,":[136],"which":[137],"turn":[139],"enhances":[140],"denoising":[142],"initial":[145],"LS":[146],"improves":[149],"accuracy.":[153],"Moreover,":[154],"no":[157],"SIM":[163],"only":[164],"needs":[165],"configured":[168],"once.":[169],"The":[170],"simulation":[171],"results":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"outperforms":[176],"existing":[178],"schemes.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}
