{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416922613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3639280","title":"LEO Satellite Grouping-Based Resilient Hierarchical Routing for Large-Scale Constellation Networks","display_name":"LEO Satellite Grouping-Based Resilient Hierarchical Routing for Large-Scale Constellation Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416922613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3639280"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3639280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3639280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011599288","display_name":"Xiaoyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8940-4894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8940-4894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046428718","display_name":"Zitian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75059550","display_name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University","ror":"https://ror.org/0569mkk41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zitian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-735X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045813288","display_name":"Xiaohan Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-8865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohan Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-8865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072556657","display_name":"Yuze Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6903-0294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuze Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072868669","display_name":"Lei Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0584-1146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China","Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0584-1146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425551","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3493-1124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China","Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036538932","display_name":"Jinqiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0564-6355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinqiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China","Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043286765","display_name":"Haibo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-8917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-8917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45216349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"6","first_page":"11392","last_page":"11407"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11082","display_name":"Spacecraft Dynamics and Control","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.5906999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-routing","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.3935999870300293}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7081000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.5906999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5669000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128917274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666535","display_name":"Path vector protocol","level":5,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778034918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3689301","display_name":"Topology control","level":5,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3639280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3639280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4133959721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62495021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4613958513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62495020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large-scale":[0],"low":[1],"earth":[2],"orbit":[3],"(LEO)":[4],"satellite":[5,49,71,87],"networks":[6],"are":[7],"attracting":[8],"significant":[9,31],"attention":[10],"for":[11,51,59,67,194],"their":[12,23],"vast":[13],"potential":[14],"in":[15,163],"providing":[16,189],"global":[17],"Internet":[18],"coverage":[19],"and":[20,26,65,112,138,191,198,226],"services.":[21],"However,":[22],"inherent":[24],"dynamic":[25],"failure-prone":[27],"nature":[28],"pose":[29],"a":[30,41,83,113,135,147,173,209],"challenge":[32],"to":[33,118,130,156,165,182,201],"routing":[34,43,58,142,177],"resilience.":[35,227],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39,81,106,133,171],"propose":[40,82,134],"novel":[42],"control":[44],"framework":[45],"that":[46,90,179,216],"integrates":[47],"reliable":[48,123],"grouping":[50,88],"long-term":[52],"structural":[53],"stability":[54],"with":[55,223],"resilient":[56,140,176],"hierarchical":[57,141],"short-term":[60],"adaptability,":[61],"collectively":[62],"guaranteeing":[63],"reliability":[64,76,96,225],"responsiveness":[66],"the":[68,95,99,120,187],"large-scale":[69],"LEO":[70,213],"network.":[72],"To":[73,126],"enhance":[74],"group":[75,110,115],"againest":[77],"unexpected":[78,203],"link":[79],"failures,":[80],"simple":[84],"yet":[85],"effective":[86],"algorithm":[89,178],"employs":[91],"edge":[92],"biconnectivity":[93],"as":[94],"metric.":[97],"Given":[98],"deterministic":[100],"relative":[101],"phases":[102],"of":[103,122],"adjacent":[104],"satellites,":[105],"design":[107,172],"an":[108],"initial":[109],"structure":[111],"structured":[114],"switch":[116],"operation":[117],"facilitate":[119],"discovery":[121],"partition":[124],"structures.":[125],"achieve":[127],"efficient":[128],"adaptability":[129],"network":[131,183],"dynamics,":[132],"decoupled":[136],"inter-group":[137,145,158],"intra-group":[139,169],"algorithm.":[143],"For":[144,168],"routing,":[146,170],"relatively":[148],"stable":[149],"group-level":[150],"topology":[151],"view":[152],"can":[153],"be":[154],"maintained":[155],"calculate":[157],"path,":[159],"while":[160],"preserving":[161],"flexibility":[162],"response":[164],"connectivity":[166],"changes.":[167],"path":[174],"stretch-constrained":[175],"dynamically":[180],"responds":[181],"state":[184],"changes":[185],"within":[186],"group,":[188],"congestion-free":[190],"latency-bound":[192],"paths":[193],"all":[195],"traffic":[196],"demands":[197],"creating":[199],"headroom":[200],"avoid":[202],"congestion.":[204],"Extensive":[205],"simulation":[206],"results":[207],"on":[208],"real-world":[210],"typical":[211],"Walker-delta":[212],"constellation":[214],"demonstrate":[215],"our":[217],"approach":[218],"outperforms":[219],"some":[220],"existing":[221],"schemes":[222],"superior":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-12-02T00:00:00"}